Despite the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among gonococci worldwide, limited reports are available from Brazilian locations. In the present study, 25 quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (QRNG) strains isolated in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were characterized by phenotypic and molecular methods, including analysis of mutations in the gyrA and parC genes. They represented 16.5% of the N. gonorrhoeae isolates obtained during a survey performed from 2006 to 2010. A trend for increasing resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed in the period investigated. The most prevalent pattern of mutation observed among QRNG isolates, Ser-91 to Phe and Asp-95 to Gly in gyrA and Ser-87 to Arg in parC, was detected in 40% of the isolates exhibiting MICs ranging from 4 to >32 g/ml. Gonorrhea is among the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) throughout the world. The causative agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, predominantly infects human urogenital tract, causing cervicitis, urethritis, and rectal infections. In 2003, the incidence of gonococcal infections in Brazil was estimated in 1,54 million of cases, being 657,139 cases in the Southeast region and more than 130,000 cases in Rio de Janeiro state (5). Recently, two studies conducted among men attending STD clinics (1) and among pregnant women (15) in six Brazilian cities revealed prevalences of infection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae of 18.4 and 1.5%, respectively.Since the emergence and increasing occurrence of plasmidmediated high-level or chromosomally mediated low-level resistance to penicillin and/or tetracycline, fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin) or cephalosporins (ceftriaxone and cefixime) constitute the therapeutic regimen recommended by the World Health Organization for treatment of gonococcal infections worldwide (25).However, the emergence of quinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (QRNG) isolates has generated significant concern in several countries (13,26,31). Mechanisms of quinolone resistance in N. gonorrhoeae isolates include point mutations at the "quinolone resistance-determining regions" (QRDRs) of the gyrA and parC genes which code for the enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, respectively, that were the target of this drug, conferring high-level quinolone resistance (13).In Brazil, reports on the antimicrobial susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae have been sporadically available, and only a few isolates with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were described (2, 11, 12). In 2007, we detected the occurrence of resistance to ciprofloxacin in 7.7% (4/52) of the N. gonorrhoeae isolates recovered from male urethral specimens or vaginal specimens in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (A. A. Uehara and S. E. L. Fracalanzza, unpublished data). Simultaneously, a resistance rate of 3.1% was found in strains isolated from patients attending the STD Service of the University of São Paulo teaching hospital, in São Paulo, Brazil (3).The aim of the present study was to characterize ciprofloxacin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolates recovered in Rio de Janeiro,...
The present study describes a procedure to isolate essential oils from Rosmarinus officinalis L. using simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE). Rosmarinus officinalis L. can be used for medicinal purposes, as well in the cooking and cosmetics industries. SDE technique extraction combines a steam distillation combined with a continuous extraction using a solvent or a co-solvent mixture, providing faster extractions with low extraction solvent volumes. The effect of the solvent nature and the extraction time on the simultaneous distillation–extraction efficiency was evaluated. The best performance was achieved using pentane as a solvent for 1 h of extraction. The essential oils obtained by simultaneous distillation–extraction extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Extraction efficiencies ranged from 40 to 70% for the majority of the compounds tested, and the precision (measured by the relative standard deviation) varied between 6 and 35%. Among the compounds analyzed the most abundant in the Rosmarinus officinalis L. sample were 1,8-cineole, (-) –borneol, α-pinene, (S)-(-)- α–terpineol, (-)-bornyl acetate, linalool, and 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone. The SDE method proved to be a suitable option for obtaining extracts free from cuticular waxes or chlorophylls.
Todas as dimensões do ensino de geografia contribuem para a construção de referenciais de leitura do mundo, conferem poder a indivíduos e grupos em suas interações e relações, do mesmo modo que os posiciona, tanto do ponto de vista geográfico quanto social. A Geografia tem, portanto, na perspectiva de Santos (2009), relação direta com a constituição da ideia de raça e com a instauração de formas de relações raciais. Neste artigo tem-se como objetivo identificar como as dimensões das colonialidades, ou seja, a colonialidade o poder, do saber e do ser se reproduzem do ensino de Geografia na interface com as relações étnico-raciais e, ao mesmo tempo, analisar como as epistemes decoloniais e a perspectiva de educação antirracista, em conformidade com a lei 10.639/2003, interpelam os processos de racialização e produção do conhecimento acerca das relações étnico-raciais no ensino de Geografia.
ResumoEsta pesquisa teve como objetivos compreender a relação entre educação, gênero e sexualidade e seus desdobramentos para a compreensão das relações de gênero na educação infantil; analisar as relações de gênero na educação infantil a partir da literatura produzida sobre essa questão e identifi car quais dispositivos são acionados na constituição de masculinidades e feminilidades heteronormatizadas, além de refl etir acerca da necessidade de uma educação que esteja a serviço da igualdade entre os gêneros desde a educação infantil. Ancorados em autores como Finco (2011Finco ( , 2012, Louro (2012Louro ( , 2001Louro ( , 2008 (2000), Meyer e Soares (2013), Penna (2015), dentre outros, buscamos demonstrar e ao mesmo tempo problematizar os diferentes dispositivos que as instituições escolares, especialmente as de educação infantil, acionam na produção de masculinidades e feminilidades hegemônicas. Com esta pesquisa, de cunho bibliográfi co, constatamos que as concepções, bem como as prá-ticas educativas advindas de professores e professoras nas instituições de Educação infantil têm contribuído com a produção de estereótipos, rivalidades, exclusão e hierarquias no tratamento entre meninos e meninas e, nesse sentido, contribuem para acentuar as desigualdades de gênero que se reproduzem na sociedade, que ainda se apresenta permeada por práticas machistas, patriarcais, misóginas, homofóbicas e sexistas.
Umuarama, v. 17, n. 1, p. 43-48, jan./mar. 2014. RESUMO:Este experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Sericicultura, no Campus Sede da Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR) de Umuarama, no período de fevereiro a outubro de 2011, com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da própolis em diferentes dosagens na alimentação durante o desenvolvimento biológico do bicho-da-seda (Bombxy mori L.). O método empregado na parte experimental foi a pulverização do extrato glicólico de própolis, diluído em 500mL de água destilada nas folhas de amoreira, nas seguintes dosagens, água-controle, 25mL, 30mL, 35mL e 40mL compondo os tratamentos: controle, T 1 , T 2 , T 3 e T 4 respectivamente. As folhas de amoreira foram fornecidas cinco vezes ao dia, durante o manejo alimentar. Verificou-se, pelos resultados obtidos, que as diferentes dosagens de própolis utilizadas não interferiram no ganho de peso das lagartas, no peso dos casulos verdes, no peso da casca sérica e crisálidas, quando comparado ao tratamento controle, mas quando se compara o Controle e T4 do ensaio da primavera, respectivamente, para os teores de seda bruto e líquido, há resultados significativos. Portanto, verificou-se que o extrato glicólico de própolis, em dosagens de 40mL, pode prejudicar o teor líquido de seda em uma produção de casulos, trazendo resultados pouco apreciados dentro da sericicultura. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Bicho-da-seda. Extrato glicólico de própolis. Sericicultura. Teor líquido de seda. INTERFERENCE OF PROPYLENEGLYCOL SOLVENT ON THE EFFECT OF PROPOLIS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SILKWORM Bombyx mori L. (LEPIDOPTERA: BOMBICIDAE) COMPARED TO PROPOLIS ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTABSTRACT: This experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Sericulture, at the main campus of University Paranaense (UNIPAR), in the city of Umuarama, from February to October 2011, in order to verify the effect of different doses of propolis in feeding during the biological development of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The method used in the experiment was the spraying of propolis glycolic extract dissolved in 500-mL distilled water on the mulberry leaves in the following water--control dosages: 25mL, 30mL, 35mL and 40mL related to the treatment controls T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Mulberry leaves were provided five times a day for feeding management. The results obtained showed that the different dosages of propolis used did not affect the weight gain of the larvae, the weight of green cocoons, shells and pupae when compared to the control treatment. However, when comparing the control and T4 from the Spring assay, respectively, to the levels of crude and net silk, significant results were noted. Thus, it can be concluded that propolis glycolic extract in 40-ml dosages may impair the net silk content in a cocoon production, presenting negative results in sericulture.
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