There are challenges related to cancer treatment, namely, targeting and biocompatibility associated with a drug vehicle. This research aims to prepare a theranostic cancer vehicle based on porous silica nanoparticles (PSN) with controllable nanoparticle size, supporting targeting properties, and biocompatible. The synthesis method combined the Stöber process and liquid crystal templating using a dispersant and pore expander. Triethanolamine (TEA) and Pluronic F-127 were combined as a steric stabilizer and dispersing agent, while n -hexane was used as a pore expander. The amine functionalization was carried out using the 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane solution. Furthermore, radiolabeling of PSN using Iodine-131 and iodogen as oxidizing agents was carried out. The results showed that the best achievable PSN size was 100–150 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.24 using TEA-Pluronic F-127. The functionalization results did not significantly affect the radioiodination result. Radiochemical purity (RCP) values up to 95% were obtained in the radioiodination, while the labeled compounds were relatively stable with 12 mCi radioactivity, indicating the absence of radiolysis. The synthesized PSN was not toxic to normal cell samples up to a concentration of 150 μg/mL for PSN and 170 μg/mL for PSN-NH 2 . The cellular uptake testing results of the PSN- 131 I in cancer cell samples showed promising uptake ability.

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The analysis of hierarchical structure of mesoporous silica material with template of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with co-surfactants of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) and Triton X-100 was conducted by using the technique of small angle scattering (SAS) using neutron (SANS) and X-ray (SAXS). The analysis was supported by the data of nitrogen absorption and electron microscopy. The analysis showed that the concentration of CTAB affected the characteristics and pore structures of particles. The increase of co-surfactant concentrations tended to form particles that were more uniform in size and more regular in the shape of the sphere. The results of SAS analysis showed that the morphology, shape, and size of the large particles were arranged by smaller (primary or secondary) particles that had pores. The variation of surfactant templates had influenced the formation of pore structure. For CTAB-TMAOH, it had resembled MCM-41 type which has a hexagonal structure, whereas for CTAB-Triton X-100, it would have resembled MCM-48 type which has a cubic structure. The particles that have a high surface area which resembled pore structure MCM-41 has been able to set up by using 0.25 M of CTAB with 0.040 M of TMAOH. Moreover, the particles which resembled pore structure MCM-48 were able to set up by using 0.03 M of Triton X-100 with 0.4 M of CTAB. The analysis of SANS data that was supported by electron microscopy results is entirely showing a complete information of the particles formed by each template. Whereas SAXS analysis that supported by nitrogen adsorption method is fully confirming the information of pore characteristics.

Ordered pores structure analysis of mesoporous silica materials using a template of poly(ethylene oxyde)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide), PEO-PPO-PEO, triblock copolymer or Pluronics in numerous synthesis conditions has been conducted. Two different length of hydrophilic chain of Pluronics, i.e., P123 (EO 20 PO 70 EO 20) and F127 (EO 106 PO 70 EO 106), produced two different fine pore structures, which were basically hexagonal and cubic. A highly ordered pore structure, confirming with many Bragg peaks, was clearly obtained with the lattice parameters in nanometer scale from analyzing the synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data. Meanwhile, the surface area and pores size of mesoporous silica determined by nitrogen absorption clearly support the analysis of SAXS data, presenting a complete information of pore order characteristics. This paper shows how the synthesis parameters, such as length of hydrophilic chains, silica precursor concentration, Al:Si ratio and synthesis methods, are related to the structure and order of the pores formed. The SAXS patterns show that the pore order increases with increasing concentration of sodium silicate and decreases with longer sonication time.

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments were set up to investigate the form and structure of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using BL1.3:SAXS at the Synchrotron Light Research Institute (SLRI) of Thailand in the range of scattering vector q, 0.7 < q (nm–1) < 4. The scattering data from samples, background, and empty cells were collected and then subtracted using small-angle X-ray scattering image tool (SAXSIT) software. The analysis of the corrected scattering patterns for four different pH, i.e., 2, 3, 4, and 5, has been revealed by applying log-normal spherical and mass fractal models calculation. The results showed that the SAXS measurement could investigate the hierarchical structures of MNPs Fe3O4 containing primary and secondary particles. The two-dimensional fractal (Df) aggregates as secondary particles (in volume) have various sizes ranging from 21 to 103 nm in diameter, confirming the correlation to their pH. Those structures consist of primary particles with a mean length of 2 nm in radius and the particle size distribution (σ) of 0.5.

PEMISAHAN RENIUM-188 DARI SASARAN WOLFRAM-188 DENGAN METODE EKSTRAKSI MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT METIL ETIL KETON. Pemisahan renium-188 dari sasaran wolfram-188 secara ekstraksi dilakukan untuk pengembangan produksi radioisotop renium-188 yang memenuhi kemurnian secara radionuklida dan radiokimia. Pemisahan kedua unsur ini disimulasikan terhadap unsur yang tidak aktif untuk mengurangi risiko paparan radioaktif. Pemisahan renium dari wolfram ini menggunakan metode ekstraksi dengan pelarut metil etil keton (MEK). Parameter yang berpengaruh terhadap pemisahan ini ditentukan melalui kondisi optimum proses ekstraksi berdasarkan pengaruh waktu pengocokan, volume MEK, pH larutan, serta menentukan nilai koefisien distribusi. Penentuan konsentrasi renium dan wolfram hasil ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode spektrofotometer UV-Vis dengan pengompleks KSCN dalam suasana asam dan pereduktor SnCl2. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum proses ektraksi dengan umpan masing-masing 10 ppm yaitu pada waktu pengocokan selama 10 menit, volume MEK sebanyak 20 mL, dan kondisi larutan pada pH 5. Diperoleh konsentrasi maksimum renium yang terambil pada fase organik sebanyak 9,54 ppm dan nilai Kd sebesar 2,75 dan Kd maksimum wolfram sebesar 0,08. Kondisi optimum proses ekstraksi ini selanjutnya dapat di gunakan untuk cara pemisahan renium dari wolfram yang radioaktif.

Brachytherapy is expected to be a solution to the side effect of other cancer therapy methods. This study aims to synthesize ferrofluids (FF)-Chitosan-Au (so-called cold synthesis) as the initial step before using 198Au that is expected to be a targeted and controllable brachytherapy agent. In this research, the preparation of FF-Chitosan was done by the co-precipitation method. Furthermore, FF-Chitosan-Au was produced via self-assembly by the adsorption method. The adsorption followed the Langmuir model with a maximum capacity of 30.24 mg Au/g FF-Chitosan. The X-Ray Diffractometion (XRD) of FF-Chitosan-Au confirms the existence of Au. Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) indicates FF-Chitosan-Au has an average size of 82.93 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.175. Morphological and distribution analysis of nanoparticles using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows that nanoparticles have a homogenous spherical shape. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) measurement confirms the superparamagnetic properties of FF-Chitosan and FF-Chitosan-Au with a saturated magnetization of 80.48 and 74.52 emu/g, respectively. The overall results are associated with biomedical requirements, such as high saturation magnetization and good polydispersity. The synthesis can also be applied to produce FF-Chitosan-198Au that has great potential as a brachytherapy agent, which will reduce the nuclear waste and potential danger of radiation received by workers during synthesis.

In today’s of the conventional cancer diagnosis, there are still many problems encountered, such as the ineffectiveness of drug loading, instability, and biocompatibility issues. One alternative method for early detection of cancer is using nuclear techniques using radioactive compounds such as Technetium-99m. In the present research work, a silica mesoporous nanomaterial SBA-16-Al will be introduced as a carrier of imaging agent of radioactive compounds that play a role in radiation imaging. The Al-SBA-16 nanomaterials labeled with 99mTc (99mTc-SBA-16-Al) radioisotope exhibited very interesting nuclear properties for applications in imaging radionuclide diagnoses. Preparation by treatment of milling for 30 hours and ultrasonication bath for 60 minutes produced particle sizes of 510-3900 nm with a median of 1587 nm. Based on the results of this study, the optimum radiochemical purity was obtained at 85.66 ± 0.72% with pH 9 of solutions, the ratio of the amount of SnCl2 and SBA-16-Al to 75 μg compared to 1000 μg (1: 13.3), and incubation time during 20 minutes, with the radioactivity of technetium-99m ranging from 0.21 to 1.23 mCi. The results of the electrophoresis test showed that 99mTc-SBA-16-Al is a neutrally charged compound.