Historically, water scarcity has been understood to result from unfavorable climatological and hydrological factors. From this perspective, infrastructural solutions that augment water supplies, such as desalination, are seen as the way to overcome physical resource limits and resolve water scarcity. Drawing on theories of scarcity, risk perception, trust, and governance, we argue that past experiences with poor water quality and a long-standing mistrust of water providers create a particular mode of water scarcity: perceptual scarcity. This paper presents findings from household surveys conducted in two arid Latin American cities where large-scale desalination projects have been undertaken to provide potable water. While both projects use state-of-the-art desalination technology, our survey results indicate that the majority of respondents do not drink desalinated water from their taps and purchase bottled water instead. Our results show that, despite significant investments in infrastructure, respondents still lack an adequate supply of water that is perceived to be fit for human consumption. The two case studies provide empirical evidence that challenges the assumption that desalination technology will resolve water quality and water scarcity concerns. We conclude that institutional investments that promote a more reliable and trustworthy water governance system are as important as investments in physical infrastructure.Chilean National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT), in the context of the Fondecyt Initiation project 11130631 National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement grant Fulbright-Garcia Robles awar

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In recent years, seawater desalination has become a more viable and common solution to water scarcity around the world. Desalination is a supply‐led solution in that it produces additional water, rather than manages demand for existing resources. Although a growing body of work has analysed the environmental and social implications of desalination, desalinated water has to date been considered as an additional source that fulfils demand, with little attention to how it integrates with existing sources, and to what effect(s). In this paper, we employ the framework of the hydrosocial cycle to analyse how desalination reconfigures the social relations of control over water and reworks waterscapes in Chile. Using two case studies of Antofagasta and Petorca in the drought‐affected north, which are dominated by export industries – mining and agriculture, respectively – we argue that desalination serves to disarticulate drinking water from freshwater, with implications for economic growth, social development, and water policy. We show that desalination entails more than providing additional water to alleviate shortages, and rather constitutes a strategy that permits the reorganisation of water sources so as to permit new forms of capital accumulation, through both the water industry as well as the major industries that are threatened by scarcity. We argue that this has three important implications. First, replacing freshwater with desalinated water for human consumption changes the social relations of control over water, by rendering consumers dependent on desalination plants and their risks. Second, this disarticulation serves to liberate freshwater to sustain the same industries that encroached on drinking water sources. Third, as a supply‐led solution, desalination alleviates some of the water shortages that had been attributed to Chile's water markets model, thereby reducing pressure for reform.

During the last decades, the province of Chacabuco, in the north of Santiago, has been profoundly territorially transformed due to the installation of urban mega-projects for well-off social segments in contexts that until then were eminently rural. From the perspective of suburban political ecology, we analyze the different economic, political and metabolic strategies with view to the water and land resources through which large economic-financial groups, supported by the state, have produced an unequal landscape of archipelagos. The methods used in this work include press review, semi-structured with private, public, and community actors, and an analysis of water rights records in the office of Real Estate Curator in the province of Chacabuco. In empirical and conceptual terms, we demonstrate that the production of the new urban periphery and its patterns of socioterritorial and environmental fragmentation are not the result of abstract forces of globalization, but of deliberate actions of commodification, concentration (of property rights) and financialization of natural resources like land and water.

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