| La industria salmonera chilena vivió recientemente una crisis de magnitud a partir de la aparición del virus ISA. El artículo examina esta situación, concentrándose en el papel que desempeña la ciencia en las soluciones políticas propuestas, como caso para discutir la capacidad de los mecanismos de gobernanza ambiental neoliberal para solucionar crisis ambientales y económicas. La pregunta que guía el trabajo es: ¿cuál fue el rol de la ciencia en la política ambiental para la industria? El argumento promovido es que la crisis representa un momento de reestructuración de la relación sociedad-naturaleza, en el cual se rede nieron mecanismos de propiedad, control y acceso a recursos naturales, pero en el que, pese al discurso neoliberal de con anza en los expertos y la ciencia como elementos de toma de decisiones, la información cientí ca tuvo escasa relevancia.
The salmon industry in Chile experienced large and rapid growth over the past three decades and by 2008 Chile was the second largest producer of salmon in the world after Norway. However, the industry was affected by a sanitary crisis that impacted on its growth and forced a change in production strategies. This paper argues that the post‐crisis scenario shows the deepening of an enclave economy in Los Lagos region that is changing the way in which the industry participates in rural development. Starting with a literature review on enclave and extractive economies I characterise the salmon industry as an enclave, and then examine evidence from the field to identify local effects in rural communities of this new form of relationship. I conclude by calling for a revitalisation of the geographical debates on enclave economies from a political ecology perspective to better understand communities’ interaction with extractive economies.
In 2016, the people of Chiloé, an island in Southern Chile, mobilised against the Chilean state for a period of over three weeks. The conflict was triggered by an environmental crisis that affected the main economic activities of the island: salmon farming and artisanal fisheries. This article argues that 'islandness' should also be understood as a political stance toward the state. Based on in-depth interviews and an exploration of the concept of islandness, the paper examines the mayo chilote, and contributes an empirical reflection on the transformation of islandness as a political position by analysing the tension between two narratives, each demanding different treatment for the island: demand for redistribution led by those directly affected by economic losses resulting from the crisis, and autonomy as development, involving deeper and broader criticism of historical relations with Chile. We aim to contribute to island studies by providing a non-binary understanding of processes of identity and social mobilisation.
resumen | Las transformaciones territoriales impulsadas por la apertura de la economía chilena al libre mercado hace cuarenta años han sido analizadas desde múltiples perspectivas. Una de ellas fue propuesta el año 2003 por Antonio Daher, al describir ciertas regiones como "regiones-commodity", refiriéndose a aquellas cuya actividad económica se concentra en la exportación de una o dos mercancías, como vía de inserción en los mercados globales. En este trabajo revisitamos este concepto y lo problematizamos desde la ecología política, a partir del análisis de cuatro dimensiones: producción, ciclos de boom y crisis, materialidad de la naturaleza comoditizada e identidad, aplicándolo a dos casos: las regiones de Antofagasta (minería del cobre) y de Los Lagos (salmonicultura). Nuestro argumento es que, para entender la transformación territorial que han vivido estas regiones, debemos primero reconocer el proyecto de neoliberalización territorial; y en segundo lugar, politizar el análisis de dicho proyecto mediante la consideración de la materialidad de la naturaleza que será comoditizada. palabras clave | economía regional, reestructuracón territorial, regionalización. abstract | The territorial transformations driven by the opening of the Chilean economy to the free market forty years ago have been analyzed from multiple perspectives. One of them was proposed in 2003 by Antonio Daher, describing certain regions as "commodity-regions", referring to those whose economic activity focuses on the export of one or two goods, as a way of insertion in global markets. In this work we revisit this concept and problematize it from the perspective of political ecology, based on four dimensions (production, boom and crisis cycles, materiality of commoditized nature, and identity) applied to two cases: Antofagasta Region (mining of the copper) and Los Lagos Region (salmon farming). Our argument is that, to understand the territorial transformation that these regions have experienced, we must first recognize the project of territorial neoliberalization; and second, politicize the analysis of the project by considering the materiality of nature that will be commoditized.
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