Objectives: To describe the prevalence of healthy vascular aging (HVA), normal vascular aging and early vascular aging (EVA) in a sample of Spanish population without cardiovascular disease. The relationship of vascular aging with lifestyle, cardiovascular risk factors, psychological and inflammatory risk factors is also analyzed. Methods: A total of 501 participants were recruited (49.70% men, aged 55.90 ± 14.24 years) by random sampling. Vascular aging was defined in three steps: Step 1: participants with vascular damage in carotid arteries or peripheral artery disease were classified as EVA. Step 2: with the percentiles of carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) we used three criteria, first, the 10th and 90th cfPWV percentiles of the population studied by age and sex; second, the 10th and 90th percentiles of the European population reference values and third, the 25th and 75th cfPWV percentiles of the population studied by age and sex. Step 3: participants with hypertension or type 2 diabetes mellitus included in HVA were reclassified as normal vascular aging. Arterial stiffness was assessed with cfPWV using a Sphygmocor device. Physical activity was measured with an accelerometer. Psychological factors, lifestyle and other clinical information were obtained by standard questionnaire. Results: The global prevalence of HVA was 8 and 14% (men 8 and 10%, women 9 and 18%), and 22 and 18% (men 26 and 23%, women 17 and 12%) for EVA, using criteria a and b, respectively. In the logistic regression analysis, vascular aging maintains positive associations with more sedentary time [odds ratio (OR) = 2.37 and 4.51], having triglycerides above 150 mg/dl (OR = 6.55 and 4.06), abdominal obesity (OR = 2.73 and 2.90), increased uric acid (OR = 4.63 and 2.98) and insulin resistance index homeostatic model assessment (OR = 4.05 and 6.78), and a negative association with less physical activity (OR = 0.29 and 0.28) using criteria a and b, respectively. Conclusion: One in 10 has HVA and one in five EVA. The prevalence of EVA is higher in men. Study results suggest that preventive strategies aimed at increasing physical activity, reducing sedentary time and decreasing obesity and insulin resistance improve vascular aging.

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Recent studies have revealed that emotional competences are relevant to the student’s learning process and, more specifically, in the use of learning strategies (LSs). The aim of this study is twofold. First, we aim to analyze the relationship between perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) and LSs applying the scales TMMS-24 and Abridged ACRA to a sample of 2334 Spanish university students, whilst also exploring possible gender differences. Second, we aim to propose a methodological alternative based on the Canonical non-symmetrical correspondence analysis (CNCA), as an alternative to the methods traditionally used in Psychology and Education. Our results show that PEI has an impact on the LS of the students. Male participants with high scores on learning support strategies are positively related to high attention, clarity, and emotional repair. However, the use of cognitive and control LS is related to low values on the PEI dimensions. For women, high scores on cognitive, control, and learning support LS are related to high emotional attention, whereas dimensions such as study habits and learning support are related to adequate emotional repair. Participants in the 18–19 and 22–23 years age groups showed similar behavior. High scores on learning support strategies are related to high values on three dimensions of the PEI, and high values of study habits show high values for clarity and low values for attention and repair. The 20–21 and older than 24 years age groups behaved similarly. High scores on learning support strategies are related to low values on clarity, and study habits show high values for clarity and repair. This article presents the relationship between PEI and LS in university students, the differences by gender and age, and CNCA as an alternative method to techniques used in this field to study this association.

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