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Using the Wide Field Grism Spectrograph 2 (WFGS2), we have carried out slit-less spectroscopy, g ′ r ′ i ′ photometry, and slit spectroscopy on the L1014 dense core. We detected three Hα emission line stars. We interpret one as weak-line T Tauri star (WTTS) and the others as classical T Tauri stars (CTTS). Since their g ′ − i ′ colors and/or classified spectral types are consistent with those of T Tauri stars and two of them show less extinction than the cloud, these three stars are likely to be T Tauri stars associated with L1014. Adopting an age range for T Tauri stars, 1-10 Myr, the color-magnitude diagram suggests a distance of ∼ 400-900 pc, rather than the previously assumed distance, 200 pc. This could strongly affect on the mass estimate of L1014-IRS, which is thought to be either a very young protostar or proto-brown dwarf.

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Background In women with endometriosis, the association between ovarian function, hormones, and bone mineral density (BMD) is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the association between changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and clinical data, such as ovarian reserves, in perimenopausal women with endometriosis. Methods In this prospective study, we evaluated 207 female patients who visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Tokyo Hospital between December 2015 and December 2020. We included patients aged ≥ 40 years with a history of endometriosis or who presented with endometriosis lesions. Patients with a history of smoking, steroid administration, autoimmune diseases, dyslipidaemia, and heart disease were excluded. During the study period, patients who underwent two tests, an initial and a follow-up test (n = 142, average age: 45.02 years, average BMD: 1.16 g/cm2), were evaluated at regular intervals based on the annual rate of change in BMD. Results There was a weak negative correlation between the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and BMD and a weak positive correlation between the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and BMD. The annual rate of change in BMD showed a very weak correlation with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. A large decline in BMD was associated with high TSH levels and higher average age at menopause. Patients with higher TSH exhibited a higher rate of decrease in BMD than those without. Conclusions High FSH or low AMH levels are associated with decreased BMD. Decreased ovarian reserve is associated with decreased BMD in perimenopausal women with endometriosis. High TSH levels increase the risk of BMD loss. This finding may suggest that women with endometriosis should undergo bone scanning to rule out the possibility of reduced bone mass and subsequent increased risk of fracture.

We have successfully fabricated germanium immersion gratings with resolving power of 45,000 at 10 µm by using a nano precision 3D grinding machine and ELID (ELectrolytic In-process Dressing) method. However the method spends large amount of machine times. We propose grooves shape with a new principle for a solid grating, which achieves high performance and lower cost.We have developed volume phase holographic (VPH) grisms with zinc selenide (ZnSe) prisms for spectrograph of the Subaru Telescope and the other telescopes. While a VPH grism with high index prisms achieves higher dispersion, diffraction efficiency of VPH grating decreases toward higher orders. A "quasi-Bragg grating" which inherits advantage of a VPH grating achieves high diffraction efficiency toward higher orders.Wavelength tuners with a pair of counter-rotation prisms for a VPH and quasi-Bragg grating obtain high diffraction efficiency over wide wavelength range. The novel immersion grating, VPH grism with high index prisms, quasi-Bragg grating and wavelength tuners dramatically reduce volumes of astronomical spectrographs.

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