Haglund syndrome is a common cause of posterior heel pain, characterized clinically by a painful soft-tissue swelling at the level of the achilles tendon insertion. On the lateral heel radiograph the syndrome is characterized by a prominent calcaneal bursal projection, retrocalcaneal bursitis, thickening of the Achilles tendon, and a convexity of the superficial soft tissues at the level of the Achilles tendon insertion, a "pump-bump." An objective method for evaluating prominence of the bursal projection is measurement using the parallel pitch lines. This measurement helps to identify patients with Haglund syndrome and patients predisposed to develop this condition, and also to differentiate local causes of posterior heel pain from systemic causes. The parallel pitch line measurement was determined in 10 symptomatic feet and 78 control feet and the results were analyzed statistically.

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts is a rare cause of obstructive jaundice and portal hypertension in the pediatric age group. Because it seems to have a better long-term outcome than many of the conditions with which it may be confused, it is important to recognize the radiologic and pathologic features of this rare lesion so that appropriate therapy may be instituted.

Significant changes in the radiographic features of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have accompanied recent advances in treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Retrospective study of 709 newborns showed atypical radiographic findings in many patients with clinical BPD. While 12/20 infants with clinical BPD showed changes identical to Northway's stage 4 disease, the remaining 8 (40% of patients with significant respiratory dysfunction) had diffuse, fine infiltrates without emphysema. Radiographic progression from RDS through all Northway stages was observed in only 4 patients. Diagnosis of stage 2 BPD was complicated by the presence of PDA in 9/17 cases. Stage 3 BPD was identified with certainty in only 5 infants, but may have coexisted with PIE in as many as 22 cases. Nevertheless, there was close agreement between the radiographic findings and clinical severity of chronic lung disease. Mild (type 1) infiltrates following RDS may be distinguished from chronic pulmonary insufficiency of prematurity (CPIP) or "immature lung." In patients who require only short-term supplemental O2, type 1 changes may reflect delayed resolution of RDS in an underdeveloped lung. These same findings in infants with prolonged O2 dependence usually indicate a mild form of BPD. Coarse infiltrates and emphysema (type 2) are almost always associated with severe respiratory impairment.

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