The following double polarization method is suggested as a result of these investigations. Dissolve the normal weight of sample in a ioo cc. flask, clarify with an appropriate amount of lead acetate, make up to volume and filter (the usual procedure for commercial polarizations). Transfer 50 cc. of filtrate to a 100 cc. flask, add 15 cc. of a 20 per cent solution of monochloroacetic acid, make up to volume with water, and polarize within 15 min. after adding the acid.To invert, transfer about 50 cc. of the solution to a 50 cc. flask, stopper tightly by tying down the cork,
It is well known that when blood is removed aseptically from the body and kept at body temperature, the blood sugar steadily diminishes and may entirely disappear in twenty-four hours. This process is called glycolysis, and is thought to be caused by a ferment known as the glycolytic ferment. It is important to emphasize that this action occurs in vitro.Very little is known about this ferment, even less than the little we know of the fundamental nature of most of the other ferments. It has been demonstrated 1 that the glycolytic ferment is present only in the cellular elements of the blood, and not in the plasma; also there is evidence that the leukocytes contain considerably more than do the red blood cells.A ferment similar to, and in all probability identical with, the glycolytic ferment of blood is present in other tissues, perhaps in varying amounts in all tissues.Pieces of kidney, obtained aseptically, will cause a marker lowering of the copper-reducing power of a solution of glucose; Levene and Meyer2 have shown that lactic acid is formed.Our interest in this ferment has been stimulated by the remarkable work of Banting, Best, Macleod, and their collaborators on insulin. The clinical work that we have undertaken with insulin 3 has caused us to study a number of phases of carbohydrate metabolism, but in this preliminary report only the studies of blood glycolysis will be presented. Other investigations are in progress and will be reported later. BLOOD GLYCOLYSISWe have been able to find in the literature only two important investigations of blood glycolysis. Lepine 4 states that the glycolytic ferment is markedly dimin¬ ished in diabetic blood. Careful search of his publica¬ tions reveals that all his observations, with the exception of one, were made on the blood of depancreatized dogs with experimental diabetes. The one exception was the blood of a patient with severe diabetes, in which the blood glycolysis was very much diminished. His observations will be of inestimable value when more is known about carbohydrate metab¬ olism and the mechanism of the action of insulin.Macleod,5 as a result of his experiments, states that blood glycolysis is not changed in "diabetes." He places "diabetes" in quotation marks, referring to hyperglycemia produced in dogs and not to true diabetes. This hyperglycemia was caused by stimula¬ tion of the splanchnic nerves, by asphyxia (with curare) or by injections of epinephrin. All of the ani¬ mals were anesthetized with ether. His experiments show that under these conditions there is no change in
Attempts to bring cultures isolated from routine water samples in the laboratory of the Illinois State Water Survey within the tentative classification of the committee of the American Public Health Association (1917) reveal certain inadequacies of the scheme, some of which have been previously noted in the literature without emphasis. ANOMALOUS METHYL RED-VOGES-PROSKAUER REACTIONS Correlation of the methyl red reaction with the Voges-Proskauer reaction has been adjudged almost complete for low ratio organisms; but for high ratio types, a very considerable number of exceptions have been noted. Berrier, McCrady and Lafreniere (1916), applying these tests to 450 organisms isolated from feces, city sewage and grains, found the Voges-Proskauer and methyl red tests to agree completely with the generally accepted standard tests for Bact. coli organismns when applied to 197 strains from human feces, except in one instance. Applied to grain and sewage cultures tfe correlation was found in 80 per cent of the cases. Levine (1916) cites a small group of organisms isolated from soil, resembling Bact. aerogenes with respect to gas formation from various carbohydrates, etc., which did not give the Voges-Proskauer reaction and were neutral to methyl red after three days' incubation at body temperature. Some did not give the Voges-Proskauer reaction and were not alkaline to methyl red until the fifth or seventh day of incubation. These resemble closely a form described by MacConkey, who records the Voges-Proskauer reaction as positive or negative.
Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are common and have a big impact on sufferers' lives. Margaret Perry provides an overview of the causes of, and treatments for, these conditions Vitamin B12 and folate are essential for a number of physiological functions in the body. Deficiency of vitamin B12 is relatively common and prevalence increases with age. Folate deficiency is less common, but still clinically significant. Diagnosis can often be problematic as many of the symptoms patients present with are shared with other conditions and can easily be attributed to other causes. Mild deficiency of B12 may cause no symptoms until it has progressed to be more severe. Interpretation of B12 levels is extremely difficult as there is no clinically normal level. Diagnosis can be easily overlooked, but correct treatment has the ability to transform sufferer's lives in terms of improving energy levels and preventing further complications.
For adolescents, puberty can be a difficult period of their life because of important physical and psychological changes. This article is the first in a series looking at male and female puberty issues, it aims to provide an overview of the main characteristics of puberty and how these affect young people.
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