Most organisms must simultaneously find enough food for themselves while trying not to become food for some other organism. Previous field experiments have shown that larvae of Enallagma and Ischnura species are able to coexist in the littoral zones of lakes because they resolve this growth/predation risk trade‐off differently: Ischnura species grow more quickly than Enallagma species, but Ischnura species suffer higher mortality rates than Enallagma. We performed a series of laboratory studies to explore the mechanistic basis for the difference in growth between the genera. When held in complete isolation and with unlimited food, larvae of a number of Enallagma species that coexist with fish accumulated mass at much faster rates than Ischnura species. This difference in isolation was due to the fish‐lake Enallagma simply ingesting more food. In contrast, when held in the presence of other damselflies or a fish predator, Ischnura had significantly higher growth rates than Enallagma species from fish lakes. All species decreased the amount of food they ingested in the presence of the fish predator as compared to when fish were absent, which resulted in decreased growth in the presence of the predator for all species. However, the interspecific differences in growth rate were due primarily to differences in the abilities of the species to convert ingested food into their own biomass; in the presence of fish, comparably sized larvae ingested nearly identical amounts of food, but Ischnura larvae grew faster because they converted significantly more ingested food into their own biomass than did larvae of Enallagma species from fish lakes. This difference in conversion efficiency between the genera was not apparent when larvae were raised in complete isolation. These results indicate that Enallagma and Ischnura species differ in physiological stress responses to the presence of predators, and this difference may facilitate the coexistence of Enallagma and Ischnura species in the field.
Most organisms must simultaneously find enough food for themselves while trying not to become food for some other organism. Previous field experiments have shown that larvae of Enallagma and Ischnura species are able to coexist in the littoral zones of lakes because they resolve this growth/predation risk trade-off differently: Ischnura species grow more quickly than Enallagma species, but Ischnura species suffer higher mortality rates than Enallagma. We performed a series of laboratory studies to explore the mechanistic basis for the difference in growth between the genera. When held in complete isolation and with unlimited food, larvae of a number of Enallagma species that coexist with fish accumulated mass at much faster rates than Ischnura species. This difference in isolation was due to the fish-lake Enallagma simply ingesting more food. In contrast, when held in the presence of other damselflies or a fish predator, Ischnura had significantly higher growth rates than Enallagma species from fish lakes. All species decreased the amount of food they ingested in the presence of the fish predator as compared to when fish were absent, which resulted in decreased growth in the presence of the predator for all species. However, the interspecific differences in growth rate were due primarily to differences in the abilities of the species to convert ingested food into their own biomass; in the presence of fish, comparably sized larvae ingested nearly identical amounts of food, but Ischnura larvae grew faster because they converted significantly more ingested food into their own biomass than did larvae of Enallagma species from fish lakes. This difference in conversion efficiency between the genera was not apparent when larvae were raised in complete isolation. These results indicate that Enallagma and Ischnura species differ in physiological stress responses to the presence of predators, and this difference may facilitate the coexistence of Enallagma and Ischnura species in the field.
Focus group data from Latino parents, research examining Latino cultural values, and recommendations from mental health providers working with Latino families were used to culturally adapt, an evidence-based parent training program for Latino youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Session-specific, cultural adaptations were made to 5 sessions, and 2 sessions were completely replaced with newly developed, more culturally congruent sessions. The adapted treatment also resulted in global adaptations to all treatment sessions, cultural adaptations to the assessment and feedback phase, as well as adaptations targeting practical barriers to treatment. Initial treatment outcomes from a small pilot demonstrated that 100% of families successfully completed the culturally adapted parent training program and reported being very satisfied with treatment. Eighty percent of children demonstrated reliable improvement in parent-reported ADHD symptomatology, and 40% of parents reported reliable improvement in both parental and family functioning.
The current study sought to examine the impact of family functioning (i.e., balanced cohesion and balanced flexibility) and individual factors (i.e., familism and global self-worth) on the incidence of mental health problems in a sample of Latino early adolescents. Additionally, the current study examined the way in which individual factors mediated the effects of family functioning on mental health problems in Latino youth. Eighty Latino parent-adolescent dyads participated in the current study, including 66 mothers and 14 fathers, as well as 42 female early adolescents and 38 male early adolescents. Parents and youth completed questionnaires assessing the incidence of mental health problems in youth, and adolescents completed additional questionnaires assessing acculturation, family functioning, familism, and global self-worth. Results indicated that adolescent acculturation was not significantly related to mental health outcomes in youth. However, adolescents' reports of increased family functioning predicted decreased externalizing problems in youth, as well as increased levels of familism and global self-worth in youth. Increased levels of familism predicted decreased externalizing problems in youth, and increased levels of global self-worth predicted decreased internalizing and externalizing problems in youth. Mediation results indicated that individual factors mediated the effects of family functioning on externalizing problems in youth. These results highlight the associations between family functioning, familism, global self-worth and the incidence of mental health problems and provide valuable information on the way in which individual variables mediate the effects of family functioning on mental health problems in Latino early adolescents.
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