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Eyesight affects how human beings perceive and interpret the world and is used for everyday communication, social activities, educational and professional pursuits, the care of others, and the maintenance of personal health, independence, and mobility. Vision impairment in adults is associated with increased risk of falls and injuries, social isolation, depression, and other psychological problems and can amplify the adverse effects of other chronic illnesses. In children, uncorrected or undiagnosed vision impairment can lead to developmental, academic, and social challenges. As increased risk for poor eye health is associated with certain social, economic, cultural, health, and environmental conditions, these factors contribute to inequities that already affect populations with lower socioeconomic status and poor health. Moreover, the economic and social costs of vision impairment to patients, the healthcare system, and society are considerable. Yet, vision impairment remains notably absent from many population health agendas and community programs.

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NOTATION HICHead Injury Criteria a (t) Resultant acceleration of the head center of gravity in G's, t 1 Initial integration time, expressed in seconds, t 2Final integration time, expressed in seconds. INTRODUCTIONOne problem in the certification of 16 G airline seats, referred to as the front-row HIC problem, occur for seats located directly behind bulkheads or cabin class dividers. These structures are typically both stiff and strong and therefore produce very high HIC values during head impacts. Currently, several full-scale sled tests (FSSTs) are conducted to determine the HIC value, during which the seats used are usually destroyed. In addition, inherent variations in the dynamic environment of the sled tests may result in HIC data scatter. The airline industry has experienced high costs and significant schedule overruns during the development and certification of 16 G seats because of the difficulties encountered in meeting this requirement. In many cases, the airlines have removed one row of seating in order to address this problem, resulting in loss of revenue.The objective of this research was to develop a component test apparatus that effectively supports the design and certification of aircraft seats to meet the HIC Abstract: The compliance with HIC specified in 14 CFR 23.562 and CFR 25.562 poses a significant problem for many segments of the aerospace industry. The airlines and the manufacturers of jet transports have made claims of high costs and significant schedule overruns during the development and certification of 16G seats because of the difficulties encountered in meeting this requirement.The current practice for certification is to conduct "full-scale" seat tests on impact sleds. This approach can be expensive, since a new seat may be needed for each test. This paper deals with the development and calibration of a Head Injury Criteria component tester (HCT) by the National Institute for Aviation Research (NIAR). The HCT device will be capable of evaluating the potential for head injury over a wide range of aircraft cabin configurations at relatively lower cost and in a shorter time period compared to full-scale sled tests. The existing full-scale sled test data was reviewed to acquire the necessary information for the design of the HCT. Biodynamic modeling and simulation tools were used and results validated against the full-scale sled tests. Parametric studies were performed to determine the mass distribution of the HCT to replicate the full-scale sled test. A pneumatic propulsion system was designed and fabricated to propel the HCT in order to achieve similar kinematics as in a sled test. The propulsion system was then calibrated to achieve the required test conditions. A control system for controlling the propulsion system as well as for data acquisition was then developed. The HCT thus fabricated was tested and the results were compared with that from the full-scale sled test performed under similar conditions. The HCT is a device intended to provide greater control and repeatability tha...

Since its inception, the U.S. human spaceflight program has grown from launching a single man into orbit to an ongoing space presence involving numerous crewmembers. As the U.S. space program evolves, propelled in part by increasing international and commercial collaborations, long duration or exploration spaceflights-such as extended stays on the International Space Station or missions to Mars-become more realistic. These types of missions will likely expose crews to levels of known risk that are beyond those allowed by current health standards, as well as to a range of risks that are poorly characterized, uncertain, and perhaps unforeseeable. As the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Congress discuss the next generation of NASA's missions and the U.S. role in international space efforts, it is important to understand the ethical factors that drive decision making about health standards and mission design for NASA activities. NASA asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to outline the ethics principles and practices that should guide the agency's decision making for future long duration or exploration missions that fail to meet existing health standards. The IOM committee's report, Health Standards for Long Duration and Exploration Spaceflight: Ethics Principles, Responsibilities, and Decision Framework, identifies an ethics framework, which builds on the work of NASA and others, and presents a set of recommendations for ethically assessing and responding to the challenges associated with health standards for long duration and exploration spaceflight. Long duration and exploration missions will likely expose crews to levels of known risk that are beyond those allowed by current health standards, as well as to a range of risks that are poorly characterized, uncertain, and perhaps unforeseeable.

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Miro1 is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that links mitochondria to motor protein complexes to support subcellular mitochondrial trafficking. Preliminary observations and published work has established that metastatic breast cancer cells have increased expression of Miro1 in comparison to breast cancer cells with low metastatic potential. Furthermore, tumors from breast cancer patients with high Miro1 expression have poorer survival rates compared to patients harboring tumors with low Miro1 expression. This data suggests that Miro1 has a functional role in aggressive breast cancers although this has not been widely studied or confirmed in advanced preclinical models. The objective of our research is to investigate the role of Miro1 in breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis. We hypothesize that that Miro1-mediated mitochondrial dynamics support subcellular signaling events driving cell migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis. To examine the function of Miro1 in promoting metastatic phenotypes in vitro, we generated human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, T-47d, and MCF7) with Miro1 knockdown using adenoviral shRNA. Knockdown of Miro1 to levels greater than 50% of that in control cells resulted in mitochondria sequestered around the nucleus and reduced cell migration. Additionally, MDA-MB-231 cells with ≥50% Miro1 knockdown resulted in a significant decrease in cell invasion through Matrigel coated membranes in transwell invasion assays. Our research has also uncovered altered phosphorylation of key cell migration and stress-response proteins including vinculin, focal adhesion kinase and ERK ½ when Miro1 is knocked down. To investigate the role of Miro1 in vivo, we generated a novel transgenic mouse model with inducible, tissue specific Miro1 deletion in mammary epithelial cells with concurrent polyomavirus middle T-antigen oncogene activation. We found that when breast cancer formation is induced utilizing the transgenic middle-T antigen system, our control mice form tumors at all mammary gland sites and have metastasis to the lungs. Conversely, mice with concurrent Miro1 deletion and middle T- antigen activation fail to develop tumors. This data suggests that Miro1 has a functional role in both mammary tumor onset and tumor cell migration and invasion, providing a possible new biomarker of tumor status and pathway for therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: Randi Gravelle, Margaret McCoy, Nathaniel Shannon, Martin Chang, Brian Cunniff. The role of miro1-mediated mitochondrial positioning in the development and metastasis of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 87.

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