Migration is the principal demographic process shaping patterns of human settlement, and it serves an essential role in human development. While progress has been made in measuring international migration, internal migration statistics are as yet poorly developed in many countries. This article draws on a repository of data established under the IMAGE (Internal Migration Around the GlobE) project to address this deficit by constructing the first comprehensive league table of internal migration intensities for countries around the world. We review previous work, outline the major impediments to making reliable comparisons, and set out a methodology that combines a novel estimation procedure with a flexible spatial aggregation facility. We present the results in the form of league tables of aggregate crude migration intensities that capture all changes of address over one‐year or five‐year intervals for 96 countries, representing four‐fifths of the global population. Explanation for the observed differences has been sought, inter alia, in historical, structural, cultural, and economic forces. We examine the links between development and migration intensity through simple correlations using a range of demographic, economic, and social variables. Results reveal clear associations between internal migration intensities and selected indicators of national development.

We know that internal migration shapes human settlement patterns, but few attempts have been made to measure systematically the extent of population redistribution or make comparisons between countries. Robust comparisons are hampered by limited data access, different spacetime frameworks, and inadequate summary statistics. We use new analysis software (IMAGE Studio) to assess the effects of differences in the number and configuration of geographic zones and implement new measures to make comparisons across a large sample of countries, representing 80% of global population. We construct a new Index of Net Migration Impact to measure system-wide population redistribution and examine the relative contributions of migration intensity and effectiveness to crossnational variations. We compare spatial patterns using the slope of a regression between migration and population density across zones in each country to indicate the direction and pace of population concentration. We report correlations between measures of population redistribution and national development and propose a general theoretical model suggesting how internal migration redistributes population across settlement systems during the development process.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. Figure 1. Migration intensity, migration effectiveness and the aggregate net migration rate, as a function of the number of spatial units, selected countries that measure migration over a 5-year interval. 8 of 22 P. Rees et al.

Compared with other demographic processes, little attention has been given to the way levels and patterns of internal migration vary around the world. This can be traced in part to the absence of any central repository of internal migration data, but it also reflects widespread variation in the ways migration is measured. If robust, reliable comparisons between countries are to be made, a clear understanding of the available data is an essential pre‐requisite. This paper reports results from the Internal Migration Around the GlobE project, which established an inventory of internal migration data collections for the 193 UN member States, identifying, inter alia, the types of data collected, the intervals over which it is measured and the spatial frameworks employed. Results reveal substantial diversity in data collection practice. We assess the strengths, limitations, and utility of the six principle ways migration is measured and examine their capacity to address key questions and issues in the field. We also identify avenues for harmonisation and conclude with recommendations which aim to facilitate cross‐national comparisons. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Population and labour force projections are made for 27 selected European countries for 2002-2052, focussing on the impact of international migration on population and labour force dynamics. Starting from single scenarios for fertility, mortality and economic activity, three sets of assumptions are explored regarding migration flows, taking into account probable policy developments in Europe following the enlargement of the EU. In addition to age structures, various support ratio indicators are analysed. The results indicate that plausible immigration cannot offset the negative effects of population and labour force ageing.Keywords Population projections AE Labour force projections AE International migration AE Population ageing AE Europe Ré sumé Des projections de population et de population active sont pré senté es pour 27 pays Europé ens pour la pé riode 2002-2052, avec un inté rê t particulier pour l'impact de la migration internationale sur la dynamique des populations. A partir de scé narios uniques pour la fé condité , la mortalité et l'activité é conomique, trois sé ries d'hypothè ses concernant les flux migratoires sont exploré es, en inté grant des pré -visions sur les dé veloppements des politiques publiques à la suite de l'é largissement de l'Union Europé enne. Les structures par â ge sont analysé es, de mê me que des indicateurs de rapports de dé pendance. Les ré sultats indiquent que les flux d'immigration vraisemblables ne pourront pas compenser les effets né gatifs du vieillissement de la population et de celui de la population active.

This paper examines how internal migration distance and its frictional effect vary between countries. Such comparisons are hampered by differences in the number and configuration MAUP W use the flexible aggregation routines embedded in the IMAGE Studio, a bespoke software platform which incorporates a spatial interaction model, to elucidate these scale and pattern effects in a set of countries for which finely grained origin-destination matrices are available.We identify an exponential relationship between mean migration distance and mean area size but show that the frictional effect of distance remains remarkably stable across spatial scale, except where zones have small populations and are poorly connected. This stability allows robust comparisons between countries even though zonal systems differ. We find that mean migration distances vary widely, being highest in large, low density countries and positively associated with urbanisation, HDI and GDP per capita. This suggests a positive link between development and migration distance, paralleling that between development and migration intensity. We find less variation in the beta parameter that measures distance friction but identify clear spatial divisions between more developed countries, with lower friction in larger, less dense countries undergoing rapid population growth. IntroductionMigration can be defined as changing residence from one geographical location to another.Whether this involves a permanent or a temporary relocation, travel occurs over a specific distance. As with many other forms of spatial interaction, migration conforms with the axiom following from ' proposition in the nineteenth century that (Ravenstein, 1885, p. 198). Implicit in this statement is that fewer migrants travel longer distances and that distance therefore exerts a frictional effect on migration behaviour. 3Bell et al. (2002) identified distance, along with intensity, connectivity and impact as the dimensions of internal migration that are important to consider when making crossnational comparisons. M residence, measured in the form of a rate or probability, whilst connectivity refers to the extent to which regions are linked by migration flows and can be measured using a simple index such as the proportion of the total flows between regions that are non-zero. Migration impact, on the other hand, indicates the extent to which migration transforms the pattern of population settlement and can be measured using a number of indicators such as migration effectiveness or aggregate net migration. Elsewhere we have examined the data available for making such comparisons (Bell et al., 2014b), developed software to compute comparative indicators and address key methodological issues (Stillwell et al., 2014), and assessed how countries differ with respect to overall migration intensities (Bell et al., 2015). In this paper, we turn to the distance dimension in order to examine how far people move and the frictional effect of distance on internal migration in countries around th...

This paper contains the selected results of research concerning the impact of international migration on population dynamics and labor force resources in 27 European countries over the 2002-2052 period. The study presents a set of simulations prepared under various assumptions on target population size and selected proxy indicators of population and labor force structures. The concept of ''replacement migration'' is used to illustrate the magnitude of the expected deficit and structural imbalance of the population and labor force in the first half of the 21st century. The results are the basis for making general recommendations for future population, migration, and labor market policy strategies in Europe, taking into account the long-term plausibility of the proposed solutions. It is argued that only a combination of policies aimed at increasing fertility and labor force participation, together with reasonable-level immigration, can help meet socioeconomic challenges posed by population aging.

This paper shifts discussion on social diversity from ethnic diversity to broader social diversity. We explore spatial social diversity and assess opportunities to encounter diversity in an urban context. In doing so, we prepared a description of diversity in the residential communities of two cities, Leeds and Warsaw, using census data for small areas (UK 2001, Poland 2002). Selected variables were used to represent the key social dimensions of diff erence: demographic, socioeconomic, ethnic, and disability. A cluster analysis using a k-means algorithm was implemented for each city separately and for the two cities combined using harmonized indicators. We selected eight cluster solutions for each city which had diff erent profi les and spatial distributions. A combined cluster analysis showed that there was little overlap in community types across the two cities. The paper illustrates that Leeds and Warsaw residents experience very diff erent opportunities to encounter diff erence which need to be taken into account when local diversity policies are implemented.

The paper examines forecasts of international migration between Poland and the EU. It focuses on the analysis and evaluation of the methodology and results of some of these forecasts from a demographic point of view. The ® rst issue considered is the diversity of forms of international mobility of population and its signi® cance for migration forecasting. Then the impact of the difference in de® nitions of international migrations and differences in migration data arising from them are discussed. An estimate of the maximum net migration from Poland to the European Union based on historic¯ows is made. This information is used to evaluate the feasibility of selected forecasts of international migration from Poland after entry to the European Union.