This paper proposes and experimentally investigates a novel nondestructive testing method for ferromagnetic elements monitoring, the Magnetic Recording Method (MRM). In this method, the inspected element must be magnetized in a strictly defined manner before operation. This can be achieved using an array of permanent magnets arranged to produce a quasi-sinusoidal magnetization path. The magnetic field caused by the original residual magnetization of the element is measured and stored for future reference. After the operation or loading, the magnetic field measurement is repeated. Analysis of relative changes in the magnetic field (for selected components) allows identifying applied stress. The proposed research methodology aims to provide information on the steel structure condition unambiguously and accurately. An interpretation of the results without referring to the original magnetization is also possible but could be less accurate. The method can be used as a standard technique for NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) or in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems.
This paper shows an experimental investigation of the steel-made samples using a novel nondestructive testing technique, the Magnetic Recording Method (MRM). The technique is intended to examine stress or fatigue-loaded ferromagnetic structures. First, the material has to be magnetized (e.g. using an array of permanent magnets) to obtain a specific magnetization path with a quasi-sinusoidal shape. Then, remanence is measured and recorded for further analysis. After the operation or static stress load, the measurement is repeated. Analysis of the relative change in magnetization enables applied stress to be identified unequivocally.
Fabrication of complex structures usually requires a combination of different advanced manufacturing techniques at different length scales. In this work, we discuss the structure‐properties relationship of recently developed biodegradable poly(butylene succinate‐dilinoleic succinate) (PBS‐DLS) copolymers modified with hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) towards their processibility via 3D printing and electrospinning. Notably, filaments suitable for 3D printing with 1.75 mm diameter were fabricated directly from the reactor after the synthesis of copolymers through extruding polymer melt into a water bath thus overcoming the postprocessing. Two series of copolymers containing 60 wt% and 70 wt% of hard PBS content were synthesized using magnesium‐titanium butoxide as heterometallic catalyst. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated biphasic morphology with low‐glass transition temperature and high‐melting point, which were dependent from the PBS hard segments content. Crystallized copolymers exhibited distinct spherulitic morphology, but presence of crystallites has no adverse effect on warping or delamination of subsequent layers during 3D printing. Furthermore, these copolymers demonstrated also easy processability through electrospinning, yielding uniform nanofibers with diameters ranging from 400 to 600 nm. The addition of 5 wt% PEG to copolymers with higher hard segments content (70 wt%) increased the elasticity up to 830% and improved hydrophilicity of the copolymers. Overall, these findings together with the excellent cell viability of new materials highlight their potential for different applications, including the biomedical sector.
Fabrication of complex structures usually requires a combination of different advanced manufacturing techniques at different length scales. In this work, we discuss the structure-properties relationship of recently developed biodegradable poly(butylene succinate-dilinoleic succinate) (PBS-DLS) copolymers modified with hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) towards their processibility via 3D printing and electrospinning. Notably, filaments suitable for 3D printing with 1.75mm in diameter were fabricated directly from the reactor after the synthesis of copolymers through extruding polymer melt into a water bath thus overcoming the post-processing. Two series of copolymers containing 60 wt% and 70 wt% of hard PBS content were synthesized using magnesium-titanium butoxide as heterometallic catalyst. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated biphasic morphology with low glass transition temperature and high melting point, which were dependent from the PBS hard segments content. Crystallized copolymers exhibited distinct spherulitic morphology, but presence of crystallites has no adverse effect on warping or delamination of subsequent layers during 3D printing. Furthermore, these copolymers demonstrated also easy processability through electrospinning, yielding uniform nanofibers with diameters ranging from 400 to 600 nm. The addition of 5 wt% PEG to copolymers with higher hard segments content (70 wt%) increased the elasticity up to 830% and improved hydrophilicity of the copolymers. Overall, these findings together with the excellent cell viability of new materials highlight their potential for different applications, including biomedical sector.
In this study, the synthesis and physico-chemical properties of poly(butylene succinate-dilinoleic succinate) (PBS-DLS) copolymers modified with hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) differing in segmental composition are discussed in order to determine their structure-properties relationship and translate it to their processability. The copolymers, containing bio-based monomers such as succinic acid and dilinoleic diol, were successfully synthesized by two-step transesterification and polycondensation, and collected directly from the reactor as crystallized filaments suitable for 3D printing. Chemical characterization indicated the formation of expected functional ester groups and incorporation of PEG into polymer chain. Crystallized copolymers revealed spherulitic morphology and phase transitions which were dependent from the segmental composition. Interestingly, incorporation of 5 wt% PEG into copolymers containing higher hard segments content (70 wt%) disturbed the banded spherulitic morphology of copolymers, contributed to the increase of elasticity up to 830%, and reduced the water contact angle indicating improvement of copolymers hydrophilicity. We examined the role of segmental composition on 3D printing and demonstrate that copolymers can also be turned into 400 to 600 nm nanofibers via electrospinning. Further, all copolymers showed excellent cell proliferation thus confirming the suitability of these materials for biomedical applications.
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