Objective: This study assessed whether or not a simple biochemical parameter, serum thyrotropin (TSH), within the reference range can predict the likelihood of thyroid malignancy in subjects undergoing fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for thyroid nodules. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 236 patients without overt thyroid dysfunction who were not on levothyroxine therapy. They underwent FNAB of the thyroid nodules at the Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital between 2011 and 2012. The reference range and serum TSH quartiles were determined according to age-specific values for serum TSH and then compared between the cases with benign thyroid nodular disease and differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) based on surgical pathology reports. Results: Of the 236 patients, 201 (85.1%) underwent a surgical procedure (thyroidectomy) and 89/236 (44.3%) had DTC. The mean TSH concentrations were 2.09 ± 1.15 mU/L in benign patients versus 2.73 ± 1.33 mU/L in cases of DTC (p < 0.01). As TSH increased from quartiles 1 to 4, the frequency of a malignant diagnosis also increased progressively from 22% in quartile 1 to 65% in the last quartile (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Thyrotropin levels were positively associated with the diagnosis of DTC in thyroid nodules.
The enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), present in GABAergic neurons and in pancreatic beta cells, catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The cerebellum is highly susceptible to immune-mediated mechanisms, with the potentially treatable autoimmune cerebellar ataxia associated with the GAD antibody (CA-GAD-ab) being a rare, albeit increasingly detected condition. Few cases of CA-GAD-ab have been described. Methods This retrospective and descriptive study evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with CA-GAD-ab. Result Three patients with cerebellar ataxia, high GAD-ab titers and autoimmune endocrine disease were identified. Patients 1 and 2 had classic stiff person syndrome and insidious-onset cerebellar ataxia, while Patient 3 had pure cerebellar ataxia with subacute onset. Patients received intravenous immunoglobulin therapy with no response in Patients 1 and 3 and partial recovery in Patient 2. Conclusion CA-GAD-ab is rare and its clinical presentation may hamper diagnosis. Clinicians should be able to recognize this potentially treatable autoimmune cerebellar ataxia.
Among patients younger than 65 years of age with atrial fibrillation related to hyperthyroidism, there is no association between clinical risk factors with TOE markers of a thrombogenic milieu. TOE adds useful information that may affect antithrombotic therapy guided by clinical risk classification.
RESUMOOs fatores que dificultam a normalização do TSH no hipotiroidismo merecem atenção especial já que muitos pacientes em reposição de levotiroxina (LT4) encontram-se com TSH fora da faixa normal. Apresentamos uma paciente de 50 anos com quadro de hipotireoidismo autoimune de difícil compensação, associado à anemia, hipocalcemia severa, hipomagnesemia, alterações psíquicas e perda ponderal importante. Após a compensação do hipotiroidismo somente após 325µg/dia de levotiroxina, levantou-se a hipótese de alguma síndrome disabsortiva. Confirmado diagnóstico de doença celíaca através de dosagem de anticorpo anti-gliadina. Com instituição de dieta sem glúten houve melhora dos sintomas relacionados à disabsorção, assim como diminuição da necessidade de levotiroxina para 125µg/dia. Baseandose em estudos que comprovam a maior prevalência de doença celía-ca entre pacientes com desordens autoimunes da tiróide, tem sido proposto por vários autores a realização rotineira de screening para doença celíaca nesse grupo de pacientes. The factors that make difficult the normalization of TSH in hypothyroidism need special attention because some patients on thyroxine replacement do not maintain a normal TSH. We report a 50 year-old woman with autoimmune hypothyroidism of difficult compensation, associated with anemia, hypocalcemia with a previous episode of tetany, hypomagnesemia, psychologic alterations and important weight loss. After compensation of the hypothyroidism with doses of L-thyroxine as high as 325µg/day, the hypothesis of a malabsorptive syndrome was raised. Celiac disease was confirmed by elevated serum antigliadin antibody. A gluten-free diet was instituted which improved the symptoms associated with malabsorption and reduced the L-thyroxine requirement to 125µg/day. Because several studies have shown an association of both diseases, a routine screening for celiac disease has been widely proposed in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. OHIPOTIREOIDISMO PRIMÁRIO É A ALTERAÇÃO da função tireoidiana mais freqüente e geralmente de diagnóstico e tratamento simples. Tem como causa mais comum a tireoidite auto-imune em todas as suas formas de apresentação. apresentação de casos
RESUMOCom objetivo de avaliar a influência das drogas antitiroidianas (AT) sobre a eficácia da dose terapêutica de iodo radioativo (DT), avaliamos retrospectivamente 226 prontuários de pacientes portadores de doença de Graves submetidos à DT no período entre 1990 e 2001: 58 pacientes sem antitiroidiano (AT), 119 em uso de propiltiouracil (PTU) e 49 em uso de metimazol (MMI). O estado funcional tiroidiano 9-12 meses pós-DT dividia os pacientes entre curados e não curados. Níveis elevados de T4 livre, captação de 131 I em 24 h tiveram influência negativa sobre a taxa de cura, assim como menor dose de iodo administrada e maior volume do bócio (p< 0,05). O percentual de pacientes curados em uso de PTU previamente à DT foi de 70,2% (84/119), enquanto nos pacientes em uso de MMI foi de 85,7% (42/49), e de 84,5% (49/58) nos pacientes sem AT pré-DT (p= 0,034). Em modelo de regressão multivariado, T4 livre > 4 ng/dl, maior volume do bócio, dose terapêutica < 10 mCi e o uso prévio de PTU tiveram relação com menores taxas de cura. Quando comparado ao grupo sem AT, concluímos que PTU implica em maior risco de falência pós-DT (OR= 3,13), o mesmo não ocorrendo com MMI (OR= 1,28). ABSTRACTThe Effect of Propylthiouracil on the Efficacy of Radioiodine (I-131) Therapy in Graves' Hyperthyroidism. Aiming at evaluating the effect of antithyroid drugs on the efficacy of radioiodine treatment (RAI) we retrospectively analyzed 226 patients with Graves' disease hyperthyroidism submitted to RAI between 1990 and 2001: 58 patients without any antithyroid drug (ATD) prior to RAI, 119 patients using propylthiouracil (PTU) and 49 patients using methimazole (MMI) prior to RAI. Clinical and laboratory parameters 1 year after RAI defined their clinical status (cured or not cured). High serum free T4 and 131-iodine uptake were negatively related with cure as well as lower RAI doses (mCi) and larger goiters (p< 0.05). The percentage of cured patients on PTU prior to RAI was 70.2% (84/119), while those on MMI was 85.7% (42/49), and 84.5% (49/58) of those without ATD prior to RAI (p= 0.034). On logistic regression analysis, free T4 > 4 ng/dl, large goiter, RAI dose < 10 mCi and PTU prior to RAI were related to lower cure rates. Compared to patients with no ATD prior to RAI, we concluded that the previous use of PTU implies in higher failure rates after RAI (OR= 3.13), an effect not observed in patients on MMI (OR= 1.28).
Levothyroxine absorption and difficult management of hypothyroid patients in the intensive care unit: two case reports and a literature review Interferências na absorção de levotiroxina e dificuldades no manuseio de pacientes com hipotireoidismo na unidade de terapia intensiva: relato de dois casos e revisão de literatura
RESUMOA insuficiência cardíaca é uma das complicações mais conhecidas do hipertireoidismo, sendo mais comumente de alto débito, mas alguns pacientes evoluem com miocardiopatia dilatada e baixa fração de ejeção. Apresentamos paciente de 35 anos, sexo masculino, com hipertireoidismo, fibrilação atrial (FA) e insuficiência cardíaca grave com disfunção sistólica e fração de ejeção de 43%. Após o tratamento definitivo do hipertireoidismo com radioiodo, houve reversão da insuficiência cardíaca, com melhora clínica e ecocardiográfica, incluindo normalização da fração de ejeção (69%). Vários são os casos descritos de reversão da insuficiência cardíaca com o tratamento do hipertiroidismo, porém na sua maioria de insuficiência cardíaca de alto débito. Os mecanismos pelo qual o hipertireoidismo pode levar à disfunção sistólica, assim como seu tratamento, são discutidos. Concluímos que o tratamento do hipertireoidismo pode recuperar a miocardiopatia tireotóxica, mesmo em casos mais graves com comprometimento da função sistólica. Heart failure is one of the most known complications of hyperthyroidism, more commonly high-output heart failure, but some patients may develop dilated cardiomyopathy with low ejection fraction. We report a 35-year-old man, with hyperthyroidism, atrial fibrillation, and severe heart failure with 43% of ejection fraction. After the definitive treatment of the hyperthyroidism with radioiodine, heart failure was reverted, with symptomatic improvement and echocardiographic normalization including a normal ejection fraction (69%). There are several cases of reversion of heart failure due to hyperthyroidism treatment, but most of them with a high-output heart failure. Mechanisms by which hyperthyroidism can lead to heart failure and its treatment are discussed. We conclude that treatment of hyperthyroidism may reverse this thyroid related heart failure, even in severe cases with systolic dysfunction.
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