Bananas and plantains are major commodity/food crops that represent an important habitat for earthworms, although so far, no review is available on earthworm communities associated with banana/plantain crops worldwide. The Vale do Ribeira region is among the largest banana producing areas in Brazil, but little is known of the earthworms living there. Hence, the present study assessed earthworm populations and species in three banana plantations and adjacent Atlantic forest fragments along the Ribeira de Iguape River using standard (hand sorting) methodologies. Furthermore, we review earthworm populations reported in banana/plantain plantations worldwide. Only two species (Pontoscolex corethrurus, Amynthas gracilis) belonging to two families (Rhinodrilidae, Megascolecidae) were found in the Ribeira River valley, occurring concurrently. Abundance was low (< 13 indiv. m-2) compared with other banana plantations worldwide, that frequently surpassed 100 indiv. m-2. More than 70 studies reported earthworms from >200 banana plantations in 28 countries, and mean species richness was 2.7 per site, ranging from 1 to 10 species. Exotics predominated in most sites and P. corethrurus was the most prevalent species encountered. Overall, more than 104 species from 10 families were reported, with around 61 native and 43 exotic widespread species, mainly of the Megascolecidae, Lumbricidae and Acanthodrilidae families. Richness was highest in India (27 spp.) and the Canary Islands (25 spp.), but native species dominated only in a few countries and sites, while exotics were prevalent especially in island countries and Brazil. Lower-input practices appear to be important for earthworm communities and banana plantations can have large earthworm populations in some cases, which may be contributing to soil processes and plant production, topics that deserve further attention. However, many important banana-producing countries have not yet been evaluated, so further work is warranted, both in terms of applied ecology and biodiversity.
<br /><table class="data" width="100%"><tbody><tr valign="top"><td class="value">The aim of this work was to evaluate the development of corn genotypes under the effect of inoculation with <em>Azospirillum brasilense</em> in association with nitrogen fertilization. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial design (5x2x2) with three replications. Five corn hybrids were used, combined with two doses of nitrogen (N) (without N and with 100 kg ha<span>-1</span> N) and with two inoculation levels of <em>A.brasilense</em> (without and with inoculation). Plant stature and stem diameter at stadiums V8 and R1, leaf chlorophyll content at stadium R1 and dry mass at stadium R2 were evaluated. It was observed that when there was variation in the evaluated parameters, this was due to the different genetic materials and mainly due to the application of N. Inoculation with <em>A.brasilense</em> was not effective in altering the corn development.</td></tr></tbody></table>
Marcha de absorção, taxa de acúmulo e exportação de micronutrientes e alumínio pelo tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Absorption, rate of accumulation and exporting of micronutrients and aluminum through tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.
The objective of describing the scientific production on precision agriculture for soybean cultivation in southern Brazil. Integrative review developed in five stages: 1) to identify research problems: what is the scientific production on precision agriculture for the soybean economy in Brazil, 2) data collection, 3) data evaluation, 4) analysis and interpretation of data and 5) presentation of results. 19 articles appeared, published in the period from 2011 to 2019. All involve the study of soy, created in Latosol, Cambisolo and Argisolo; study areas ranging from 1.74 to 225 hectares; predominance of no-tillage carried out over ten years; crop rotation in summer and winter. As topics addressed: Physiological quality of soybean seeds; Sowing of soybeans; Chemical and physical attributes of the soil; Spectral indices during soybean growth; Weeds and pest control. There was greater emphasis on technologies: digital maps, machinery, tests, computer systems / programs, software, georeferencing, soil analysis, electronic meters, digital images, equipment and optical sensors. The tools used in precision agriculture are important for professional qualification, increased reduction, environmental impacts, sustainability, optimization of time and products and services, cost reduction.
Greenhouse gas emissions (CO 2 , N 2 O, CH 4 ) and chemical, physical and microbiological properties (pH, macro and micronutrients, texture, moisture, exchangeable NH 4 + , NO 3 − , total C and N, organic C, microbial biomass C and metabolic coefficient) were monitored in casts of a large, endogeic native Brazilian earthworm species Rhinodrilus alatus and from noningested control soil incubated for up to 32 days. Earthworm casts represented a significantly different chemical and microbiological environment, with higher soil moisture, pH, H + Al, exchangeable NH 4 , Cu, Fe and Mn contents, lower microbial biomass C and higher metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ), but with few differences in CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 emissions compared with noningested control soil. Nonetheless, fermenting, methanogenic and nitrate-reducing microbes encountered ideal conditions for sustained anaerobic activity in the clayey, dense and moist castings of R. alatus, maintaining emission of N 2 O and CH 4 and confirming previous results observed using gut contents. The high exchangeable NH 4 and H 2 O contents influenced the oxyreduction processes, affected GHG emissions and N transformations and modified soil microbial biomass and activity. In addition, selective ingestion concentrates C and N contents in the casts and transformation processes affect the availability of important plant nutrients, topics that deserve further attention, considering the widespread collection of this species for use as fish-bait in Brazil.
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