As the Director of the Learning Factory, he coordinated 150 industry-sponsored senior design projects each year for over 700 students in the College of Engineering. He also serves as the Director of the Product Realization Minor. His research interests include product family and product platform design, trade space exploration and multi-dimensional data visualization, and multidisciplinary design optimization, and he has co-authored over 200 peer-reviewed journal and conference papers to date. He is the recipient of the 2011 ASEE Fred Merryfield Design Award and has received numerous awards for outstanding teaching and research, including the 2007 Penn State University President's Award for Excellence in Academic Integration. He is a Fellow in ASME and an Associate Fellow in AIAA. He received his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Georgia Tech, and his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Cornell University. Mr. Marcus Shaffer, Penn State Architecture Marcus Shaffer's research focuses on works, theories, and practices that engage the Machine as an architectural extension of our impulse to examine and re-make the natural world. This work includes building machines, automatons, and spiritual mechanisms that represent our earliest technological expression; the mechano-pagan influence of the Machine on modern/visionary architecture; and attempts to embody architectural knolwedge and craft in construction/fabrication technologies. As a designer and studio critic experienced with industrial and handcrafted means of making, he addresses architecture not only as the manifestation of our physical needs and cultural desires, but also as constructed form directly resultant from the combination of mind, machinery, materials, and process/labor. While Marcus studies and contributes to a critical discourse probing and defining the Machine in an architectural context, his historical/theoretical search is informed by, and applied to the design and fabrication of various Tectonic Machines. The agenda for these machines is a synthesis of our powerfully rationalized technologies with the potency of meaning found in our ritual practices-which includes building. Prof. Shaffer has a BFA in Industrial Design from the
Explorations in the use of cardboard products in architecture exist since the 1940s. However, it was not until the early 1990s, when Shigeru Ban's work emerged when cardboard products became a potential material for architecture. Since then, cardboard use in architecture has been continuously growing worldwide, and Ban's cardboard buildings have now achieved important recognition. This article reviews cardboard architecture works in academic research and professional architectural practice in the last eight decades to lay a foundation for designers to get ahead in cardboard for architecture. Cardboard products could contribute to increase more environmentally friendly and affordable architecture because they are recyclable, low-priced, and have relatively good strength to sustain loads, among other potential advantages for construction. The study summarizes the fundamentals of cardboard architectural design and diverse strategies proposed by different authors to decrease cardboard strength degradation due to the material's weaknesses.
This paper reports on the design and development of a robotic formwork system for plastic construction materials. This development applies mechanization and computational control to the basic concept of formwork, enhancing the qualities of mobility and variability that are characteristic of contemporary sheet-based formwork systems. The resulting digi-mechanical ''formwork machine'' could potentially reduce placement, setup, and breakdown costs and address significant worker safety issues that are associated with traditional hand-set formwork systems. Robotic formwork could simultaneously enhance the technology's unique capacity to respond to architectural form requirements with increased digitally driven customization and variability. Contemporary developments in creating sustainable concrete formwork systems are working to replace or eliminate sheet-based, hand-set formwork with factory situated alternatives. This project alternatively keeps formwork onsite, addressing the material and economic wastefulness associated with sheet-based formwork by evolving the current parts-based, disposable system (sheets/planking, connections, bracing, tie hardware, etc.) into a more robust robotic machine. This robotic formwork can be maintained and used repeatedly-with the extended durability inherent in construction machines-on pre-mapped construction sites, and/or in construction environments that inhibit or restrict human labor.
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