Shape-changing materials have become increasingly popular among architects in designing responsive systems. One of the greatest challenges of designing with these materials is their dynamic nature, which requires architects to design with the fourth dimension, time. This article presents a study that formalizes the shape-changing behavior of three-dimensional printed wood-based composite materials and the rules that serve to compute their shape-change in response to variations in relative humidity. In this research, we first developed custom three-dimensional printing protocols and analyzed the effects of three-dimensional printing parameters on shape-change. We thereafter three-dimensional printed kirigami geometries to amplify hygroscopic material transformation of wood-based composites.
This paper describes a grammar for Perforated Masonry Walls of contemporary Paraguayan brick architecture. In these walls, bricks are arranged to generate different patterns, utilizing a series of rules that define the formal relation between oblongs. The masonry walls selected for this study provide shade and natural ventilation, and are used to improve thermal comfort in buildings. The paper, first, presents an analytical study that extracts the underlying generative rules for pattern-making of these masonry walls illustrating the construction logic of the walls. Then, a generative exploration that demonstrates the possible uses of the developed grammar is shown.
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