Resumo
AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of rural credit on land and labor productivity for Brazilian family farmers and assess factors infl uencing the rural credit approval process. The study employs data contained in the 2006 Brazilian Municipality Agricultural Census and a "trade index" (TI) specifi cally constructed to differentiate family farmers. The impact of credit on land and labor productivity was calculated by comparing the productivity of a group of family farmers that received credit with the productivity of a group of family farmers that were credit restricted. The groups were constructed with the aid of propensity score matching. When statistically signifi cant, the average effect of credit was found to increase the recipient's productivity of land and labor. It was also found that productivity increases due to the use of credit aligned with the level of the family farmer's integration into the commercial market and, therefore, one credit policy does not fi t for all Brazilian family farmers.Keywords family farming; trade index; rural credit; propensity score matching.
JEL Codes R15.
Assessment of rural credit impact on land and labor productivity for Brazilian family farmersImpacto do acesso ao crédito rural na produtivididade da terra e do trabalho para agricultores familiares brasileiros
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar e analisar o empoderamento das mulheres, em sua maioria agricultoras, associadas à Lar Cooperativa Agroindustrial ou participantes enquanto cônjuges dos cooperados. Para a obtenção dos resultados, foram coletados dados primários por meio de questionários aplicados a 150 casais de agricultores e agricultoras, totalizando 300 entrevistados. A partir desses dados, foi feita a aplicação de uma adaptação do Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). O resultado da pontuação, por meio do índice WEAI adaptado, indicou que ocorre forte empoderamento feminino, pois atendem requisitos em mais de 80% dos indicadores ponderados. O teste de sensibilidade, considerando outros pontos de corte, confirmou esse resultado. Ademais, verificou-se que, mesmo que as mulheres apresentem um nível elevado de empoderamento, a disparidade entre os gêneros, em favor dos homens, ainda persiste. Ou seja, evidencia-se que, embora o status das mulheres vinculadas à agricultura na região Oeste do Paraná seja elevado, a lacuna entre os gêneros, em favor dos homens, prevalece. Por fim, constatou-se que os entrevistados possuem uma percepção positiva sobre o empreendedorismo e reconhecem a importância de atividades que estimulem uma maior atuação feminina na agricultura, sobretudo aquelas promovidas pela Cooperativa.
Background: Over recent decades, Brazil’s health indicators have improved; however, access to the country’s health services is not homogeneous, with urban areas being better served than rural areas. The general objective of this work is to identify the influence of rural residence and other factors on the incidence of chronic spine problems, hypertension, and elevated levels of cholesterol in Brazil using the last Brazilian National Health Survey (NHS - 2013)) definitions and data. The analysis provided by this study contributes data that can be used to determine the probability of these three conditions occurring in Brazil and identifies the most vulnerable rural groups as defined by diet, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Method: A logit model was estimated to identify the influence of the variables rural residence, sex, age, race, education, health insurance, work, Body Mass Index (BMI), consumption habits, and region of residence on the chronic conditions analyzed. Results: Results show that rural residents are 5.8% more likely to have chronic spine problems and 0.9% less likely to have hypertension than urban residents. The incidence of all conditions was lower in men than women. The Body Mass Index (BMI) value also influences the chance of having the conditions studied. Individuals with at least a secondary education were less affected by the analyzed conditions than those less educated. There were regional differences in these conditions’ incidence, mainly chronic spine problems and hypertension. Conclusions: The variables BMI, gender, and years of alcohol consumption had significance in all diseases analyzed. To correct underreporting issues, public policies should be directed to expand rural health services. Additionally, actions should be taken to raise the public's awareness of the effects of obesity and alcohol consumption on health.
Resumo: Sabendo-se que a felicidade é sentida de forma subjetiva e a sua mensuração envolve a avaliação que cada pessoa faz de sua vida, este trabalho objetivou identificar e analisar quais são os determinantes socioeconômicos que influenciam na felicidade dos associados da Lar Cooperativa Agroindustrial. Para tanto, elaboraram-se questões que buscaram captar a percepção individual de felicidade de uma amostra de 150 casais (300 indivíduos) associados à Lar Cooperativa Agroindustrial, distribuídos em 5 municípios da região oeste paranaense em que a Cooperativa atua. Essa análise foi feita em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, qualitativa, identificaram-se palavras que, na percepção do indivíduo, descrevem a felicidade. Na segunda etapa, quantitativa, fez-se uso de variáveis que descrevessem os processos citados pelos indivíduos mensurados com o uso de um modelo lógite. Observou-se que a idade, sexo, número de horas trabalhadas e a presença de sucessores na atividade agropecuária afetam a probabilidade dos indivíduos se autodeclararem felizes.
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