We have developed a model for the nuclear interaction which is based on the effects of the Pauli nonlocality. In earlier works, we have successfully used this interaction to describe the elastic scattering for several systems in a very wide energy range. In the present work, we have checked the validity of the same interaction in the description of about 2500 fusion cross section data for 165 different systems. By introducing only one energyand system-independent effective parameter, the nonlocal model describes the global behavior of the fusion process with good precision.The heavy-ion fusion process has been extensively studied over the last decades [1]. It is well known that fusion cross sections for heavy-ion systems have shown large enhancements at sub-barrier energies in comparison with theoretical predictions from the barrier penetration model [2]. These enhancements can be described by introducing effective barrier parameters, which have been studied in a global way for a large number of systems [2][3][4]. On the other hand, the enhancements have been explained for several particular systems by considering the internal structure of the participating nuclei through couped-channel calculations (e.g., Refs. [5,6]). A few models have also been presented to describe the elastic scattering process and the energy and system dependences of the corresponding optical potential [7]. However, the consistency between the models for the fusion and elastic scattering processes has only been verified in certain particular cases (e.g., Ref.[8]). We have developed a model for the nuclear interaction which has been successful in describing the elastic scattering for several systems in a wide energy range [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The model is based on the effects of the Pauli nonlocality and is totally parameter free. In this work, we use this interaction in the description of about 2500 fusion cross section data for 165 different systems from sub-barrier to high energies.Within the nonlocal model, the bare interaction V N is connected with the folding potential V F through [54]where c is the speed of light and v is the local relative velocity between the two nuclei,The folding potential ͓Eq. ͑3͔͒ can be obtained in two different ways ͓54͔: ͑i͒ using the nucleon distributions of the nuclei and an appropriate form for the nucleon-nucleon interaction, and ͑ii͒ using the matter distributions of the nuclei with a zero-range approach for v͑r ជ͒. We distinguish the matter density from the nucleon one by taking into account the finite size of the nucleon. Both alternatives are equivalent in describing the heavy-ion nuclear potential ͓54͔, and we have adopted the zero-range approach to describe the fusion process:With the aim of providing a global description of the nuclear interaction, we proposed ͓54͔ an extensive systematization of nuclear densities, based on experimental charge distributions and theoretical densities calculated through the DiracHartree-Bogoliubov model. In that work, we adopted the two-parameter Fermi ͑2pF͒...

Thirty elastic scattering angular distributions for seven heavy-ion systems, in wide energy ranges, have been studied with the aim of systematizing the optical potential, real and imaginary parts, in a global way. The framework is: i) an extensive systematization of nuclear densities, ii) the energy dependence of the bare potential accounted by a model based on the nonlocal nature of the interaction, and iii) the real and imaginary parts of the optical potential assumed to have the same radial shape.

We investigate the charges and fluxes that can occur in higher-order Abelian gauge theories defined on compact space-time manifolds with boundary. The boundary is necessary to supply a destination to the electric lines of force emanating from brane sources, thus allowing non-zero net electric charges, but it also introduces new types of electric and magnetic flux. The resulting structure of currents, charges, and fluxes is studied and expressed in the language of relative homology and de Rham cohomology and the corresponding abelian groups. These can be organised in terms of a pair of exact sequences related by the Poincaré-Lefschetz isomorphism and by a weaker flip symmetry exchanging the ends of the sequences. It is shown how all this structure is brought into play by the imposition of the appropriately generalised Maxwell's equations. The requirement that these equations be integrable restricts the world-volume of a permitted brane (assumed closed) to be homologous to a cycle on the boundary of space-time. All electric charges and magnetic fluxes are quantised and satisfy the Dirac quantisation condition. But through some boundary cycles there may be unquantised electric fluxes associated with quantised magnetic fluxes and so dyonic in nature.* Presently at NORDITA, Blegdamsvej 17, DK2100 Copenhagen K q (B) = {classes of H q (B) extending to coclosed forms on M}.(10.9)

O artigo recupera aspectos da trajetória da noção de controle social, desde suas raízes nas discussões clássicas de Émile Durkheim sobre a integração social, passando pela criação e utilização do termo na Sociologia norte-americana até chegar à contraposição com as reflexões de Michel Foucault acerca do poder e na indicação da situação atual desse debate no interior do pensamento social contemporâneo.

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"Nada há de mais profundamente desigual do que a igualdade de tratamento entre indivíduos diferentes."Esmeraldino Bandeira INTRODUÇÃOO pensamento social no Brasil, a partir da segunda metade do sé-culo XIX, constituiu-se, em grande medida, a partir da incorporação no debate intelectual local de um conjunto extremamente variado de idéias cientificistas importadas sobretudo da Europa. O positivismo foi a doutrina que, até o momento, recebeu maior atenção por parte de historiadores e cientistas sociais que se voltaram para a história intelectual brasileira do período 1 , mas muitas outras doutrinastais como diferentes versões do evolucionismo, do materialismo, das teorias raciais etc. -se fizeram igualmente presentes e marcaram de modo significativo o debate intelectual acerca da sociedade brasileira pelo menos até meados da década de 1930, quando se iniciou o processo de institucionalização e autonomização das ciências sociais no país 2 .

A systematic treatment is given of the Dirac quantisation condition for electromagnetic fluxes through two-cycles on a four-manifold space-time which can be very complicated topologically, provided only that it is connected, compact, oriented and smooth. This is sufficient for the quantised Maxwell theory on it to satisfy electromagnetic duality properties. The results depend upon whether the complex wave function needed for the argument is scalar or spinorial in nature. An essential step is the derivation of a "quantum Stokes' theorem" for the integral of the gauge potential around a closed loop on the manifold. This can only be done for an exponentiated version of the line integral (the "Wilson loop") and the result again depends on the nature of the complex wave functions, through the appearance of what is known as a Stiefel-Whitney cohomology class in the spinor case. A nice picture emerges providing a physical interpretation, in terms of quantised fluxes and wave-functions, of mathematical concepts such as spin structures, spin C structures, the Stiefel-Whitney class and Wu's formula. Relations appear between these, electromagnetic duality and the Atiyah-Singer index theorem. Possible generalisation to higher dimensions of space-time in the presence of branes is mentioned.

Leis penais e instituições são sempre propostas, discutidas, legisladas e operadas por meio de códigos culturais definidos. Elas são estruturadas em linguagens, discursos e num sistema de signos que corporificam significados culturais específicos, distinções e sentimentos que devem ser interpretados e entendidos quando se quer tornar inteligível o sentido social e aquilo que motiva a punição. Dessa forma, mesmo que alguém queira discutir que interesses econômicos e políticos formam a base determinante das políticas penais, esses "interesses" devem, necessariamente, operar por meio das leis, linguagens institucionais e categorias penais que estruturam e organizam as ações penais. GARLAND, 1995, p. 198 1 R e s u m o A contribuição de David Garland: a sociologia da punição Este artigo apresenta uma revisão das discussões teóricas acerca da punição e das políticas de segurança no mundo contemporâneo, tendo por foco principal o trabalho de David Garland, Punishment and modern society: a study in social theory.