Numerical tests at high Reynolds number flows were taken on circular cylinder placed near and parallel to a moving ground. A moving ground running at the same speed as the free stream eliminates the confusing effects of the boundary layer formed on the ground being, therefore, more effective to establish a better understanding of the relationship between complete vortex shedding suppression and surface roughness. A detailed quantitative measurement of the flow field around the cylinder using Lagrangian vortex method with roughness model was carried out. The effect of higher surface roughness heights is studied because it introduces greater instabilities in the boundary layer of bluff bodies. The purpose is to investigate supercritical flow patterns from subcritical Reynolds number flow simulations. The present results are compared against those measured for smooth cylinder under the same flow conditions. It is found that certain critical gap ratio between the rougher cylinder bottom and the moving wall significantly reduces the drag force. The lift force points away from the wall plane. The full vortex shedding suppression is successfully anticipated. In addition, the Strouhal number vanishes. The contribution of this research is to report that von Kámán-type vortex shedding totally ceases and instead two nearly parallel shear layers are formed behind the cylinder in moving ground when employing two-dimensional modeling of roughness. Previous numerical results for flow around smooth cylinder placed closer to the moving ground did not capture the behavior of Strouhal number equal to zero. Unfortunately, there is a lack of experimental results for rough cylinder near a moving wall, which motives the present study.

RESUMOA Handroanthus heptaphyllus Mattos, conhecida popularmente como ipê-roxo, é propagada comumente por via seminal, no entanto, suas sementes quando armazenadas, perdem rapidamente o poder germinativo, sendo assim, uma alternativa de propagação para esta espécie é a propagação vegetativa, técnica que favorece a produção de mudas em escala comercial, além de possibilitar ganho de características esperadas como uniformidade da muda no viveiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) no enraizamento de miniestacas apicais de ipê-roxo. As miniestacas foram provenientes da primeira coleta de brotações das minicepas do minijardim multiclonal conduzido em tubetes realizada aos 231 dias após a germinação. Após a coleta, as miniestacas foram submetidas a cinco concentrações de AIB (0; 2000; 4000, 6000 e 8000 mg L -1 ) e em seguida foram estaqueadas em tubetes contendo Basaplant Florestal ® e adubo de liberação lenta (Osmocote ® 14-14-14). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, compostas por dez miniestacas. Aos 30 dias, as miniestacas foram avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência, número de raízes de primeira e segunda ordem, comprimento das raízes de primeira ordem e massa seca do sistema radicular. Ao final do ciclo de produção, aos quatro meses, as mudas foram avaliadas quanto à altura, diâmetro do coleto, número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea, número e comprimento das raízes primárias e massa seca do sistema radicular. Observou-se mais de 95% de sobrevivência das miniestacas, aos 30 dias, em todos os tratamentos, com 80% delas enraizadas na ausência do fitorregulador. No entanto, o número de raiz de segunda ordem foi maior nas mudas submetidas a 8000 mg L -1 . A utilização de AIB em miniestacas de ipê-roxo não é um condicionante para o enraizamento, embora tenha resultado em mudas com maior comprimento de raízes de primeira ordem e número de raízes de segunda ordem na concentração de 8000 mg L -1 . Palavras-chave: propagação vegetativa; miniestaquia; enraizamento adventício.

A discrete vortex method is implemented with a hybrid control technique of vortex shedding to solve the problem of the two-dimensional flow past a slightly rough circular cylinder in the vicinity of a moving wall. In the present approach, the passive control technique is inspired on the fundamental principle of surface roughness, promoting modifications on the cylinder geometry to affect the vortex shedding formation. A relative roughness size of ε*/d* = 0.001 (ε* is the average roughness and d* is the outer cylinder diameter) is chosen for the test cases. On the other hand, the active control technique uses a wall plane, which runs at the same speed as the free stream velocity to contribute with external energy affecting the fluid flow. The gap-to-diameter varies in the range from h*/d* = 0.05 to 0.80 (h* is the gap between the moving wall and the cylinder bottom). A detailed account of the time history of pressure distributions, simultaneously investigated with the time evolution of forces, Strouhal number behavior, and boundary layer separation are reported at upper-subcritical Reynolds number flows of Re = 1.0 × 105. The saturation state of the numerical simulations is demonstrated through the analysis of the Strouhal number behavior obtained from temporal history of the aerodynamic loads. The present work provides an improvement in the prediction of Strouhal number than other studies no using roughness model. The aerodynamic characteristics of the cylinder, as well as the control of intermittence and complete interruption of von Kármán-type vortex shedding have been better clarified.

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Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line. 1.1.2 Format All text of the manuscript must be located within a 170 mm by 252 mm rectangle of a white A4 page or within 170 mm by 240 mm for the letter format. The margins are given in Table 1. An example of the page format is given in Fig. 1

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Aiming the improvement of the quality of techniques related to the growth of "ipê-roxo" cuttings, this study had as objective to evaluate the productivity of Handroanthus heptaphyllus Mattos ministumps and the rooting capacity of the minicuttings in successive collections in the presence and absence of exogenous auxin. Seedlings were grown in 280 cm 3 tubes with selected different sources of seeds. At 141 days after the sowing, seedlings were pruned at 8 cm from the collar with the goal to establish the minigarden. The productivity of ministumps over successive collections as well as the need to apply indol-3-butiric acid on the roots of the minicuttings were evaluated. Eight collects of minicuttings were carried out, at three, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10 and 11 months after the pruning. In each of those cycles the number of minicuttings were quantified per mini-stump. Before their staking in 180 cm 3 tubes, half of the minicuttings from each cycle were treated with 8000 mg L -1 of Indole-3-Butiric Acid (IBA) (2 seconds). The ministumps tolerated the pruning (with 100% survival); over 70% of the ministumps produced minicuttings along all the time in each collection cycle. A cyclical behavior in the minigarden was observed with higher productivities of the ministumps at 8 and 11 months after pruning of seedlings. The use of IBA stimulated more robust root systems of the cuttings, although this was not a condition for rooting. Key words: Ministumps, indol-3-butiric acid, ipê-roxo ResumoNo intuito de aprimorar as técnicas para a produção de mudas de ipê-roxo, visando à qualidade, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a produtividade de minicepas de Handroanthus heptaphyllus Mattos e a capacidade de enraizamento das miniestacas em coletas sucessivas na presença e na ausência de auxina exógena. As plântulas produzidas a partir de sementes foram cultivadas em tubetes de 280 cm 3 . Aos 141 dias após a semeadura, as mudas foram podadas a 8 cm da base, com o objetivo de estabelecer o minijardim. A produtividade das minicepas em sucessivas coletas, bem como a necessidade de se aplicar o ácido indol-3-butírico no enraizamento das miniestacas foram avaliadas. Oito coletas de miniestacas foram realizadas, em três, cinco, seis, sete, oito, nove, 10 e 11 meses após a poda. Em cada um destes ciclos, o número de miniestacas foi quantificado por minicepa. Antes do estaqueamento em tubetes de 180 cm 3 , metade das miniestacas de cada ciclo foi tratada com 8000 mg L -1 de ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) por 2 segundos. As minicepas toleraram a poda (com 100% de sobrevivência), mais de 70% das minicepas produziram miniestacas ao longo do tempo em cada ciclo de coleta. Um comportamento cíclico no minijardim foi observado com maiores produtividades das minicepas aos 8 e 11 meses após a poda das mudas. O uso de AIB estimulou sistemas radiciais mais robustos nas miniestacas, embora esta não seja uma condição para o enraizamento. Palavras-chave: Minicepa, ácido indolbutírico, ipê-roxo

Repowering is a sustainable option for relatively old hydroelectric plants. However, it is still in the process of developing its technical, socio-environmental and regulatory aspects in Brazil. Moreover, there are few papers available in the literature on the subject. A gap in the area is the lack of methodologies that direct the measurement of benefits in suitable enterprises, to prioritize the most opportune ones, reduce risks, and encourage this practice nationally, regionally, and among agents. This paper presents a theoretical discussion of the practices currently employed and proposes an accessible method (simple, fast and low cost) to support decision-making regarding the applicability of repowering in small hydroelectric plants. The results show the environmental sustainability of the practice given the limitations and challenges that currently involve the construction of large hydroelectric plants.