The present study evaluated shell utilization and preference of two sympatric hermit crab species, Calcinus tibicen and Clibanarius antillensis, from Ilha Galheta de Dentro, Vitória Bay, south-eastern Brazil. Distribution of individuals and use and availability of shells were estimated in the field, where micro-habitat and shell partitioning were demonstrated between the two species of crabs. Calcinus occurred in higher numbers in the infralittoral fringe and shallow subtidal, while Clibanarius was found mainly in the midlittoral zone. The crabs used shells of different architectures and sizes. Calcinus used mainly globose and low spired shells (Tegula viridula and Cymatium parthenopeum), while Clibanarius utilized predominantly the elongated and high spired ones (mainly Cerithium atratum). Clibanarius used shells with smaller volume, weight, and aperture. Free access experiments were conducted in the laboratory and showed that Calcinus and Clibanarius had a high satisfaction rate, i.e. only 50% of the crabs exchanged their shells. From those that exchanged, they chose shells with higher internal volume than that used in the field, while shell weight did not present any increase. Clibanarius was found in shells closer to the preferred ones and in a very different proportion from shell availability, contrasting to Calcinus, which followed shell availability instead of their preferences. Shell internal volume was more important as a choice factor than the weight for both hermit crab species, showing that crabs optimized shell volume in relation to shell weight in the free access experiments.
ABSTRACT. This study evaluated the influence of Tanzania-grass sward height (30, 50, 70 and 90 cm) on the morphological characteristics of the canopy, grazing behavior and forage intake by adult Anglo Nubian female goats. A completely randomized experimental design was employed, with two replicates in space and two replicates in time. Six animals were used to assess the grazing behavior, and four, the ingestion process. The rise in sward height increased the forage and leaf mass, the percentages of stem and dead material, and reduced the leaf stem -1 ratio. Above 50 cm there was an increase in grazing time and a decrease in leisure time. A positive linear correlation was detected between sward height and bite depth. The consumed forage mass, ingestion rate and daily intake were higher at 50 cm, indicating that the other heights reduced the intake process. The sward height was negatively correlated to the bite rate and positively to the bite time. The sward height of 50 cm presents the best combination of features, favoring the grazing and ingestive behavior of female adult goats.Keywords: consumption, forage production, bite rate, ingestion rate, grazing time.Características do dossel, comportamento animal e ingestão de forragem por caprinos em pasto de capim-tanzânia em diferentes alturas RESUMO. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da altura do pasto (30, 50, 70 e 90 cm) de capim-tanzânia sobre características morfológicas do dossel, comportamento em pastejo e processo de ingestão de forragem por cabras anglonubianas. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com duas repetições no espaço e duas repetições no tempo. Para a avaliação do comportamento em pastejo foram utilizadas seis cabras e do processo de ingestão, quatro cabras. O aumento na altura do dossel resultou em aumento na massa de forragem e de folhas, da porcentagem de colmo e material morto, e redução na razão folha colmo -1 . Acima de 50 cm ocorreu aumento no tempo de pastejo e diminuição no tempo de ócio. A correlação entre altura do dossel e a profundidade de bocados foi linear positiva. A massa de forragem consumida, taxa de ingestão e consumo diário foram maiores aos 50 cm, indicando que nas demais alturas houve restrição ao processo de ingestão. A correlação entre a altura do pasto e a taxa de bocados foi negativa e, positiva com o tempo por bocado. A altura de 50 cm apresenta melhor combinação de características que favorecem o comportamento em pastejo e ingestivo de cabras.Palavras-chave: consumo, produção de forragem, taxa de bocados, taxa de ingestão, tempo de pastejo.
The forage mass, sward structure, the ingestive and grazing behavior and forage intake by goats grazing on Tanzania-grass at 22 and 37 days of regrowth were evaluated. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with eight replications for evaluating the pasture and bite depth, and six replications for evaluating intake, feeding and grazing behavior. The forage canopy height ranged from 64.1 to 92.7 cm. Higher forage mass was observed at 37 days, and the best leaf/stem ratio, at 22 regrowth days. The bite depth did not differ between regrowth ages. The biting rate for the 22 regrowth days (23.07 bites min.-1) was higher than at 37 days (19.06 bites min.-1). The grazing time was longer at the regrowth age of 22 days (5.58h) than at 37 days (4.51h). The average feed intake was 2.75% of the body weight and was not different between regrowth ages.
RESUMO:Este trabalho realizou um levantamento sobre o uso de plantas medicinais na cidade de Picos-PI, identificou as plantas cultivadas no horto pertencente ao Laboratório Fitoterápico de Picos (LAFIPI), e analisou o uso de fitoterápicos dispensados pelo Programa Farmácia Viva no triênio 2008-2010. Do total dos 750 entrevistados, 37,6% foram homens e 62,4 % mulheres, dentre os quais a maioria não concluiu o segundo grau (69,2%) e 77,2% possuíam renda mensal de até dois salários mínimos. Com relação ao consumo de plantas medicinais, 76,3% afirmaram utilizá-las para tratar doenças, principalmente por considerá-las mais saudáveis (84,8%). A indicação do uso foi orientada, sobretudo, por familiares (82,2%), embora a maioria adquira as plantas em feiras livres (32,8%). Das 127 plantas relatadas, as mais citadas foram erva-cidreira, boldo e hortelã, sendo as folhas a parte mais utilizada (42,3%), predominantemente por infusão (39,4%). As aplicações mais lembradas foram para tratar dores em geral (17%), distúrbios respiratórios (16,5%) e digestivos (16%). As espécies mais cultivadas no horto são chambá (Justicia pectoralis), alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides), malva santa (Plectranthus barbatus) e erva cidreira (Lippia alba). O lambedor de chambá foi o fitoterápico mais procurado pela população entre 2008 e 2010. Esse estudo descreveu, pela primeira vez, o uso tradicional de plantas medicinais no município de Picos e demonstrou, também de forma inédita, a relevância de investimentos do Programa Farmácia Viva no município de Picos e sua inclusão no Programa Saúde da Família como forma de disponibilizar à população de baixa renda fitoterápicos produzidos localmente a custos reduzidos. . From the total of 750 interviewed participants, 37.6% were men and 62.4 % women. Most of them do not have secondary education (69.2%) and 77.2% had an income of up until two minimum wages. Regarding consumption of medicinal plants, 76.3 % used them to treat diseases, mainly because they considered them to be healthier (84.8%). The indication of use of the plants was mainly suggested by relatives (82.2%), even though the majority of the participants acquires plants in open markets (32.8%). From the 127 plants mentioned, the most cited ones were balm, boldo and mint, and leaves were the most utilized parts (42.3%), predominantly by infusion (39.4%). The most common reasons for the usewere to treat pain in general (17%), and respiratory (16.5%) and digestive disorders (16%). The most cultivated species in the garden were chambá (Justicia pectoralis), alecrim pimenta Palavras
RESUMO.Objetivou-se avaliar a composição bromatológica e a razão folha/haste do estilosantes Campo Grande, em cinco idades de rebrota com e sem adubação fosfatada. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 dois níveis de fósforo (com e sem) e cinco idades de corte (30, 35, 40, 45 e 50 dias). O fósforo foi aplicado como superfosfato simples, equivalente a 50 kg ha -1 de P 2 O 5 . A razão folha/haste (F/H) e os porcentuais de proteína bruta (PB) decresceram com o aumento da idade de rebrota, com e sem adubação fosfatada. A produtividade de proteína bruta (PPB), com adubação fosfatada, foi linear crescente e sem, foi quadrática, decrescendo entre 45 e 50 dias de rebrota. Os porcentuais de matéria seca (MS) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) cresceram com o aumento da idade de rebrota. O porcentual da fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) apresentou comportamento quadrático, com decréscimo nas idades de 45 e 50 dias. A adubação fosfatada não tem efeito sobre a razão F/H, PB, MS, FDN e FDA de estilosantes Campo Grande. As idades de rebrota de 30 a 50 dias com ou sem adubação fosfatada têm efeito mínimo sobre a composição bromatológica do estilosantes Campo Grande.Palavras-chave: adubação fosfatada, idade de rebrota, proteína bruta, Stylosanthes.ABSTRACT. Leaf-to-stem ratio and bromatological characteristics of CampoGrande stylo regrowth at five cutting ages. The aim of this research study was to evaluate the bromatological composition and leaf-to-stem ratio of Campo-Grande stylo, at five regrowth ages, with and without phosphorus. The investigation was carried out in a randomized blocks experimental design, with four replications in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement -two levels of phosphorus (with or without) and five cutting ages (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 days). Phosphorus was applied as a single superphosphate, equivalent to 50 kg ha -1 P 2 O 5 . The leaf-to-stem ratio (L/S) and the percentage of crude protein (CP) decreased with increasing age of regrowth, with and without phosphorus fertilization. Crude protein yield (CPY) with phosphorus fertilization increased linearly; yield without fertilization was quadratic, decreasing between 45 and 50 days of regrowth. The percentages of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased with regrowth age. The percentage of acid detergent fiber (ADF) followed a quadratic trend, decreasing at the ages of 45 and 50 days. Phosphorus fertilization had no effect on L/S, CP, DM, NDF and ADF of CampoGrande stylo. The age of regrowth of 30 and 50 days have minimal effect on the bromatological composition of Campo-Grande stylo.
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