Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a sensitive and accurate tool for quantitative estimation of gene transcription levels in preimplantation embryos. To control for possible experimental variations, gene expression data must be normalized using internal control genes commonly known as reference genes. However, the stability of reference genes can vary depending on the state of development and/or experimental conditions; hence the assessment of their stability is essential before initiating a gene expression analysis. In the present study, we used RT-qPCR to measure the transcript levels of 10 commonly used reference genes and analyzed their expression stability in bovine blastocysts produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Using the geNorm program, we found the best combination of genes to normalize gene expression data in bovine embryos at the blastocyst stage produced by IVF (HMBS, SF3A1, and HPRT1), ICSI (H2A, HMBS, and GAPDH), SCNT (ACTB, SF3A1, and SDHA) and/or between blastocysts produced by these methods (GAPDH, HMBS and EEF1A2). We also demonstrated that not only the culture conditions may affect the expression patterns in bovine blastocysts but also the choice of embryo production method may have an important effect.
A regional network in experimental mode over the last two years monitors environmental variables and develops scientifically based forecasts with easy-to-use oceanographic, meteorological, and hydrological products for decision makers in the six collaborating countries.T he Andean countries are located in the western and northern regions of South America. Most of them lie in the tropical strip, where complex atmospheric dynamics and the lack of a comprehensive understanding of mesoscale and microphysical phenomena lead to difficult forecasting challenges. More than 7,000 km long, typically 200 km wide, and with about a 4,000-m average height, the Andean Mountain chain includes complex topographic features, with substantial repercussions on the meteorological and climatological behavior of the atmosphere in the region. The climate in this area shows large variability (Garreaud 2009;Garreaud et al. 2009), depending on altitude, location, and proximity to the sea and to the Amazon region.The ground observational network of the six Andean countries is neither homogeneously distributed nor dense enough, and only a few national weather services (NWSs) have weather radars or radiosounding stations working on a regular basis. Satellite products are the most common and useful tools for nowcasting tasks in the region, while the Global Forecast System (GFS; Kalnay et al. 1990) is the most frequently used model for operational forecasting.Until 2006, efforts for building a regional and collaborative climate watch system for the Andean countries have been scarce. In 2007, Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno "El Niño" (CIIFEN) received the approval and funding support from the Inter-American Development Bank An EnvironmEntAl WAtch SyStEm for thE AndEAn countriESEl Observatorio Andino by Ángel g. Muñoz, Patricio lóPez, raMón VelÁsquez, luis Monterrey, gloria león, Franklyn ruiz, cristina recalde, JaiMe cadena, raúl MeJía, Marcos Paredes, Juan bazo, carMen reyes, gualberto carrasco, yaruska castellón, claudia Villarroel, Juan quintana, and aVel urdaneta AffiliAtions: Muñoz-centro de modelado científico, la universidad del Zulia, maracaibo, venezuela, and centro internacional para la investigación del fenómeno El niño, Guayaquil, Ecuador; lóPez-Agencia Estatal de meteorología (AEmEt), madrid, Spain; VelÁsquez and Monterrey-Servicio de meteorología de la fuerza Aérea venezolana (SEmEtfAv), maracay, venezuela; león and ruiz-instituto de hidrología, meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (idEAm), Bagotá, colombia; recalde, cadena, and MeJía-instituto nacional de meteorología e hidrología (inAmhi), Guayaquil, Ecuador; Paredes, bazo, and reyes-Servicio nacional de meteorología e hidrología (SEnAmhi), lima, Peru; carrasco and castellón-Servicio nacional de meteorología e hidrología (SEnAmhi),
The in vitro and in vivo effect of prolactin (PRL) on kidney macrophages from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was investigated under the assumption that PRL stimulates immune innate response in mammals. Kidney macrophages were treated two ways: first, cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10, 25, 50 and 100 ng/mL of PRL and second, isolated from a fish with a PRL-injected dose of 100 ng/Kg. Reduced nitro blue tetrazolium (formazan) was used to produce intracellular superoxide anion. Phagocytic activity of PRL was determined in treated cells by optical microscopy observation of phagocytized Congo red-stained yeast. Kidney lysozyme activity was measured in PRL-injected fish. In vitro and in vivo macrophages treated with PRL presented an enhanced superoxide anion production, elevated phagocytic index and increased phagocytic activity. Treated fish showed higher levels of lysozyme activity in the head kidney compared to the control. These results indicate that PRL-stimulated innate immune response in Atlantic salmon and future studies will allow us to assess the possibility of using PRL as an immunostimulant in the Chilean salmon industry.
La vicuña, Vicugna vicugna (Molina 1782), es el más pequeño de los integrantes de la familia Camelidae (Artiodactyla) (Wheeler 1995). Su hábitat característico es la Puna Andina, que se encuentra entre los 3.500 a 4.800 m sobre el nivel del mar, en Perú central, oeste de Bolivia, noroeste de Argentina y noreste de Chile (Bonavia 1996). Específicamente en Chile la vicuña se distribuye en el sector andino entre la Primera y Tercera regiones (18º450' S, 27º30' S; Galaz 1998). Sobre la base de diferencias en algunos caracteres morfológicos (alzada, expresión del pelaje del Variabilidad y estructura genética en dos poblaciones de Vicugna vicugna (Camelidae) del norte de Chile Genetic variability and structure in two populations of Vicugna vicugna (Camelidae) from northern Chile
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