SUMMARYThis study evaluated the microleakage of a giomer resin bonded with total-etch and self-etch adhesive systems after exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Thirty freshly extracted, caries-free human premolars and molars were used. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups: Group I was exposed to 33% hydrogen peroxide (Niveous-Shofu) for 30 minutes daily for five consecutive days; Group II received no treatment (control). A week later, Class V standardized preparations were performed on the facial and lingual surfaces, with the gingival margin placed 1 mm below the CEJ. Each group was then divided into two subgroups: in Groups IA and IIA, a selfetching adhesive system (FL Bond-Shofu) was applied, and in Groups IB and IIB, a total-etch adhesive system (Prime & Bond NT-Dentsply/Caulk) was applied according to manufacturers' instructions. The teeth were restored using 2-mm increments of Beautifil A2 resin-based giomer material (Shofu). Each layer was cured using a Spectrum 800 curing light (Dentsply/Caulk) for 20 seconds at 600mW/cm 2 . The teeth were thermocycled 500x between 5°C and 55°C with a dwell of 30 seconds; they were then placed in a 0.5% methylene blue dye solution for 24 hours at 37°C. Samples were sectioned longitudinally and evaluated for microleakage at the occlusal and gingival margin under a stereomicroscope at 20x magnification. Dye penetration was scored using the following scoring system 0 = no penetration; 1 = partial dye penetration along the occlusal or gingival wall; 2 = partial dye penetration along the occlusal or gingival wall but did not include the axial wall; 3 = dye penetration to and along the axial wall. A MannWhitney test revealed a statistically significant Microleakage of a total-etch adhesive system was not influenced by the application of hydrogen peroxide; conversely, enamel dye penetration significantly increased for a selfetching primer. 228Operative Dentistry difference between subgroups at the occlusal level (p<0.0001). Group IA yielded the most microleakage. No statistically significant difference was reported at the gingival level.Microleakage was affected by hydrogen peroxide exposure only at the enamel cavosurface margin when a self-etching primer adhesive system was used.

Exclusive breastfeeding is currently recommended until at least 6 months of postnatal age, due to maternal breast milk (BM) unique composition and beneficial properties. In fact, BM modifies itself according to gestational age (GA) at birth, adapting its composition to neonatal requests during lactation. Multiple births represent about 3% of the whole pregnancies; such neonates result more vulnerable than full-term newborns, due to lower GA and birth weight (BW) and the higher incidence of perinatal complications. Although an adequate nutrition is fundamental for twins and other multiples, studies on this topic are lacking. We collected and analyzed BM from mothers of 19 twins and 5 triplets showing GA < 33 weeks and BW < 1500 g, comparing it to a control group of 28 preterm singletons. As a result, at GA ≤ 28 weeks, we observed that protein content is higher in BM for multiples (1.53 vs. 1.29 g per 100 ml), lactose concentration is greater in BM for singletons (6.72 vs. 6.34 g per 100 ml) and GA results the most relevant factor influencing BM protein composition. BM for multiples results higher in proteins and lower in lactose, if compared with singleton’s samples; this could promote and sustain growth and organ development in this vulnerable category. BM from multiples shows a trophic and immunologic role, since these neonates often show lower GA and BW instead of singletons. These findings could help in optimizing nutritional strategies and improving BM individualized fortification.

The combination of tooth whitening and adhesive restorations allows clinicians a significantly more conservative approach to intrinsically stained teeth; tooth preparation for porcelain veneers and porcelain-fused-to-metal and full-ceramic crowns can be restricted to conditions in which persistent tooth discoloration or significant loss of both dentin and enamel exists.

Complementary feeding (CF) is a pivotal phase of the individual’s growth, during which children develops their future dietary habits. To date, only few studies investigated and compared weaning modalities between different geographical areas. The aim of this article is to describe the current Italian practice for CF in healthy term infants among different areas (North, Center, South) of Italy. Two different multiple-choice questionnaires were produced and sent to 665 Italian primary care pediatricians (PCP) and 2023 families with children under 1 year of age. As emerged from our investigation, in Italy CF is usually started between the 5th and 6th month of life. The preferred approach (chosen by 77% of families) involves the use of home-cooked liquid or semi-liquid ailments, or industrial baby foods. A new CF modality is emerging, consisting of traditional complementary foods with adult food tastings (10% of families). Approximately 91% of pediatricians give written dietary suggestions, and 83% of families follow their advice. We found significantly divergent weaning habits among different areas of Italy. PCP have a key role in guiding parents during the introduction of new foods in their infant's diet and should take this as an opportunity to educate the whole family to healthy dietary habits.

Current practice regarding complementary feeding (CF) is influenced by socio-cultural background. Our group already investigated the Italian approach to CF in the years 2015–2017. Our aim was to update those data by finding out: if the habits have changed nationwide, how the trends changed in each area, and if the differences between regions still exist. We devised and submitted to Italian primary care paediatricians (PCP) a questionnaire consisting of four items regarding the suggestions they gave to families about CF and compared the results to the ones from our previous survey. We collected 595 responses. Traditional weaning was the most recommended method, with a significant reduction compared to the period of 2015–2017 (41% vs. 60%); conversely, the proportion of PCP endorsing baby-led weaning (BLW) or traditional spoon-feeding with adult food tastings has increased, while the endorsement of commercial baby foods dropped. BLW is still more popular in the North and Centre compared to the South (24.9%, 22.3%, and 16.7%, respectively). The age to start CF and the habit of giving written information have not changed over time. Our results highlighted that Italian paediatricians encourage BLW and traditional CF with adult tastings more than in the past, at the expense of traditional spoon-feeding.