Abstractln this text we discuss the rôle of the phonetic context in sound changes. Our position is that the phonetic context will act only a posteriori, as a possible stabilizer of innovations, and not a priori, as a trigger of sound changes. This being the case we argue that we can deal with phonetic effects even in a diffusionist approach to sound changes. Finally, we suggest that this approach leads to a considerable reduction of the scope of variation.

The main risk factors for CAD were aging and male gender. In relation to modifiable risk factors and the presence of CAD, the greatest associations for males were DM and dyslipidemia and for females DM. The most relevant factors for specific age groups were smoking for young men and DM and smoking for women between the ages of 40 and 50.

PET/CT is widely used for the evaluation of patients with thoracic malignancies. Although the levels of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake are usually high in neoplastic diseases, they can also be physiological, due to artifacts. In addition, FDG uptake can occur in benign conditions such as infectious, inflammatory, and iatrogenic lesions. Furthermore, some malignant tumors, such as adenocarcinoma in situ (formerly known as bronchoalveolar carcinoma) and carcinoid tumors, may not show FDG uptake. Here, we illustrate the main pitfalls and artifacts in the interpretation of the results of oncologic PET/CT of the chest, outlining strategies for avoiding misinterpretation.

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Tc durante a cintilografia das paratiroides com Setamibi não é rotina em nosso meio, sendo comum a aquisição apenas das imagens planas − precoce (15 minutos) e tardia (2 horas). Resultados: Na nossa experiência, tem-se percebido que a realização do protocolo completo contribui de maneira decisiva na sensibilidade da localização pré-operatória da paratiroide. Conclusão: A aplicação completa de todos os métodos cintilográficos disponíveis (SPECT e 99m Tc) e a análise cuidadosa das imagens em um contexto multidisciplinar podem aumentar a acurácia da cintilografia das paratiroides. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2010;54(4):352-61 Descritores Paratiroide; cintilografia; MIBI; localização; hiperparatiroidismo primário absTRacT Objective: In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, candidates for surgical intervention, the parathyroid pre-operative localization is of fundamental importance in planning the appropriate surgical approach. Materials and methods: The additional acquisition of SPECT and Technetium-99m images, during parathyroid scintigraphy with Sestamibi, is not common practice. Usually, only planar image acquisition, 15 minutes prior and 2 hours after radiopharmaceutical administration, is performed. Results: In our experience, the complete protocol in parathyroid scintigraphy increases the accuracy of pre-operative parathyroid localization. Conclusion: The complete utilization of all available nuclear medicine methods (SPECT e 99m Tc) and image interpretation in a multidisciplinary context can improve the accuracy of parathyroid scintigraphy.Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2010;54(4):352-61

This article demonstrates a practical neuroradiologic approach for ACDS, including optimized imaging analysis (magnetic resonance and nuclear medicine studies), which correlates their patterns with clinical and pathologic findings of the most relevant disorders.

RESUMOA cintilografia das paratireóides tem sido utilizada para detectar glândulas patológicas em pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo, tanto antes quanto após a cirurgia de paratireoidectomia. Apesar da elevada especificidade, a cintilografia das paratireóides pode apresentar resultados falso-positivos. Neste artigo, relatamos o caso de uma paciente transplantada renal, com múltiplas lesões osteolíticas na bacia, interpretadas como tumores marrons, que à cintilografia das paratireóides com sestamibi-99m Tc apresentou hipercaptação focal do radiofármaco em topografia de porção anterior do mediastino superior. Esta área hipercaptante foi inicialmente interpretada como glândula paratireóide ectópica, porém, após realização de outros exames de imagem e análise mais detalhada, mostrou-se corresponder a tumor marrom em esterno. Parathyroid scintigraphies have been used to detect pathological parathyroid glands either before as well as after the parathyroid resection surgery in patients with hyperparathyroidism. Although this test presents high specificity for detection of increased parathyroid glands, there exist causes of false positive results. In the present article, we report a case of a renal transplanted patient, with multiple lytic lesions on pelvic bones reported as brown tumors, who presented a focal uptake in the anterior portion of the superior mediastinum on Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy. This focal uptake, initially thought to be an ectopic parathyroid gland, after a more detailed analysis and the performance of other imaging diagnostic tests was demonstrated to be a brown tumor of the sternum. CINTILOGRAFIA DA REGIÃO CERVICAL com sestamibi-99m Tc (sestamibi) tem sido utilizada para a localização das glândulas paratireóides hiperfuncionantes em pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo primário e secundário. Este exame tem mostrado sensibilidade e especificidade elevadas para a detecção das glândulas paratireóides patológicas, principalmente em pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo primário (1), e seu uso tem sido preconizado como forma de abreviar o tempo cirúrgico, reduzir o tamanho da incisão cirúrgica (2), e de detectar possíveis glândulas ectópicas (3).