Resinas poliméricas vêm sendo usadas como materiais alternativos para tratamento de águas oleosas, provenientes da indústria de petróleo, as quais já tenham sido tratadas por métodos convencionais. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o grau de purificação de águas oleosas sintéticas, quando tratadas em colunas de leito fixo empacotadas com resinas poliméricas constituídas por segmentos hidrofílicos e lipofílicos. Foram preparadas águas oleosas sintéticas e a fluorimetria foi utilizada para determinar o teor total de óleos e graxas (TOG) nas amostras de água recém-preparada e após eluição pela coluna. Os resultados mostraram que amostras de água tratadas com a coluna apresentaram valor de TOG não superior a 1% do valor de TOG da água oleosa preparada. Um estudo cinético mostrou que a eficiência de remoção dos contaminantes depende ligeiramente da vazão de eluição do sistema, sendo que valores de desempenho ótimos foram alcançados a uma vazão de 7,0 mL/min. A passagem de um volume de água oleosa de 11.087 vezes o volume do leito da coluna não foi suficiente para atingir a completa saturação do sistema. Ensaios preliminares de regeneração e reutilização da coluna mostraram seu potencial de uso em mais de 1 ciclo de tratamento de água oleosa.
Summary: This work describes a method to evaluate, in reduced scale, the performance of polymer samples as drag reduction agents in aqueous solutions. To measure the pressure drop in a turbulent regime, a specially adapted capillary viscosimeter was used, with reduced dimensions adapted to produce the desired regime and adequate pressure measurement points. To verify the technique's reliability, samples of polyacrylamide were synthesized with different molar masses, by varying the quantity of the polymerization initiator. The molar masses obtained were determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The efficiency of the polymer as a drag reducer, as expected, increased as the molar mass increased, which validates the use of this method to study the drag reduction properties of polymer materials in aqueous solutions.
Este trabalho visa o estudo da interação entre polímeros sintéticos e produtos naturais à base de taninos com o íon zinco (Zn+2) em meio aquoso para sua utilização na remoção de metais em efluentes. Uma série de copolímeros poli(acrilamida-co-ácido acrílico) de diferentes composições e homopolímeros de acrilamida e de ácido acrílico foram preparados, assim como, taninos comerciais foram utilizados como recebidos e purificados por extração. Uma metodologia de avaliação da eficiência de interação da macromolécula com o íon Zn+2 foi desenvolvida baseada em curva padrão de intensidade de absorção na região do ultravioleta-visível (UV-VIS) em função da concentração do complexo formado, utilizando colorimetria. A capacidade de interação com o íon zinco foi ligeiramente maior para os polímeros sintéticos porém o produto natural tem a vantagem de apresentar um custo mais baixo.
Copolymers beads based on methyl methacrylate (MMA) and divinylbenzene (DVB) were prepared by suspension polymerization technique. For the copolymer synthesis, the following reaction parameters were varied: diluent type, dilution degree and divinylbenzene content. The copolymer porosity and specific surface area (BET) were determined. The copolymers were used to prepare columns, which were tested as oil remover from PETROBRAS produced water. Columns containing only one kind of polymer (polyDVB) achieved a oil content reduction of 84.9%; containing two different polymers (polyDVB and poly(MMA-DVB)) reached 89.1%. The results showed that the distinct chemical composition copolymers can retain different compounds from the produced water. The columns can be re-used after a regeneration process. Introduction Petroleum industries have emphasized the offshore production, because a significant content of water is coproduced, during the oil exploration and production. Produced water represents the greater stream of residues in oil production. Normally, a new oil field produces little water (around 5–15 %) and, when the field becomes mature, this water volume can increase significantly to 75–90%. Produced water, also named oily water, contains several contaminants (organic and inorganic compounds); the oily water composition depends on the oil field life. This produced water must be treated in order to be reused or discharged without causing negative environment impacts1. Environmental impact is evaluated by toxicity and contaminants content. Nowadays, the main point when purifying produced water is related to the contaminants, which remain dissolved, and then are more difficulty to be removed1. In order to ensure the quality of the produced water discharge, the "Brazilian Council of Environment" has established that the waxes and oil content must be 20 mg/L2. Oily residues, containing small concentration of oil, generate difficulties in water treatment because the phases can be mixed by shear through the equipments, and they can form stable emulsions3. The reduced size of dispersed oil droplets presents in oily water is the main drawback to be turned round during the treatment of this residue. The main alternative to remove this oil is increasing the dispersed droplets, followed by further separation through physical methods (decantation, centrifugation, membrane filtration, flotation)4. Nowadays, the industry uses flocculation/flotation processes and hydrocyclones to oily water purification, but several contaminants still remain water-soluble. Several other processes have been used to decrease the oil and contaminants concentration in the produced water. Spherical and porous copolymers based on vinyl monomers are already used to medicaments and biotechnology5. Although they present potential application in the contaminants removal from produced water, little information has been found in the literature. These copolymers can be used in several applications because it is possible to control their external (particle size distribution) and internal morphology (porosity and specific area). The particle size of the polymer depends on aqueous phase/ organic phase ratio, suspension agent (type and concentration), temperature and stirring speed. The formation of porous structure does not depend on monomers chemical structure; it depends only on reaction conditions, such as, dilution degree, diluent type and cross-link degree.
Porous spherical materials can be obtained by suspensions polymerization using a solvent pair. In this work porous resins based on methyl methacrylate and divinylbenzene were synthesized and characterized in terms of apparent density, specific area, pore volume, morphology, and swelling percentage. The results show that the diluents system (toluene/heptane or methylethylketone/cyclohexane) affect significantly the polymer properties. Furthermore, differences in the solubility parameters of the monomers and diluents affect the morphological structure of beads.
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