The development of the primary sector by expansion of cultivation areas and the raise of productive indexes promotes a larger use of agrotoxics, causing problems related to the inefficiency of applications, which becomes an issue to be studied, especially regarding the quality of sprayers and the precision of spraying. The goal of the present paper is to determine the condition and conservation of agricultural sprayers used in the West border and the Central region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), in southern Brazil, as well as identifying the most recurring problems, and assessing the applicability of ISO 16122 in the country’s reality. The execution of this work originated the Projeto de Inspeção de Pulverizadores Agrícolas (PIPA) [Agricultural Sprayer Inspection Project], which was undertaken in two regions of RS, inspecting 56 sprayers. The inspections were carried out by using the technical kit for agricultural sprayer inspection, according to requirements in the methodology described in ISO 16122 (2015). After evaluations were conducted, the data collected were submitted to exploratory analysis by descriptive statistics with the use of percentage frequency. Based on the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that there is need for agricultural sprayer inspection to become mandatory in Brazil. Considering the most frequent application problems, it was possible to verify that, in 64.29% of the evaluations, the precision of the manometer was considered as seriously flawed; in 73.21%, the transverse distribution of the spray wand was also seriously flawed, which is related principally to errors in the space among spray nozzles, and to their wear, affecting 76.79% of the cases in terms of application volume. Besides these, it was also observed that, in 69.64% of the inspected sprayers, the PTO rotation was below recommendation. In relation to the applicability of ISO 16122, it was concluded that there is need for it to be updated, developing specific methodologies for the inspection of self-propelled sprayers. In this sense, in case it be transcribed as ABNT NBR ISO 16122, the latter must specify new parameters so it be unanimously and appropriately used in accordance to Brazilian reality.

The global demand for alternatives for mineral diesel oil is growing due to the need for satisfying sustainability and environmental requirements, forcing industries and research institutions to

This research evaluated the performance of a diesel engine in an agricultural tractor, using Diesel S500 (B5) and mixture with 3% (ED3), 6% (ED6), 9% (ED9), 12% (ED12) and RESUMO Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o desempenho de um motor ciclo Diesel de um trator agrícola, utilizando óleo Diesel S500 (B5) e sua mistura com 3% (ED3), 6% (ED6), 9% (ED9), 12% (ED12) e 15% (ED15) de etanol hidratado. As variáveis

This paper aimed to evaluate the performance of a Diesel cycle engine, changing the configurations for the air and fuel supply system. Variables analyzed were torque, power, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency in four different engine configurations (aspirated, aspirated + service, turbocharged + service and turbocharged). For that, there were dynamometer experiments by power take-off of an agricultural tractor. The experimental outline used was entirely randomized, in a bifatorial design with three repetitions. Results indicated that the engine supercharge, compared to its original configuration, provided a significant increase of torque and power. Only the addition of turbo does not caused a significant effect in the engine performance. Application of turbocharger provides an improvement in the burning of the air/fuel mixture, which favors the increase of engine power and; consequently, reduced the specific fuel consumption.

With the growth in the machinery and agricultural implements sector the importance of the area of Product Development Process (PDP) has expanded significantly in the last decades. The surge is due to increased competition among manufacturers, thus requiring high quality products with greater efficiency in their production processes.In addition, the management of the phases that comprise the PDP is considered complex by specialized literature and manufacturing companies. Thus, the objective of the study is to present the main reference models that contextualize the PDP in order to systematically analyze its methodological classifications.In addition, the research seeks to explore the work methodologies currently applied in the PDP of the agricultural machinery and implements manufacturers located in the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul -Brazil. The research adopted the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and the case study as investigation methods, classified as descriptive and comparative, of an exploratory nature. As a result, it was possible to identify a set of reference models that are usually adopted to operationalize the PDP. Research has shown that project support tools are not used by companies, while design and industrial management tools are applied. Finally, it was verified that companies have little knowledge about reference models.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o efeito do tipo de diesel e da concentração de biodiesel na mistura combustível sobre as emissões de gases por motor agrícola submetido a diferentes cargas. Foram testados dois tipos de diesel: S10, com baixo teor de enxofre; e S500, com alto teor de enxofre; bem como suas misturas com 5, 10, 15, 20, 50 e 100% de biodiesel. O motor, de quatro cilindros, turboalimentado e com 105 cv de potência máxima, foi submetido a oito modos de operação, sob diferentes rotações e torques. O ensaio seguiu a metodologia prevista na norma NBR ISSO 8174-4:2012, tendo-se analisado as emissões de O 2 , CO 2 , NO 2 , NO, CO e de hidrocarbonetos (HC). Somente as emissões de HC foram influenciadas pelo tipo de diesel utilizado. As emissões de NO 2 e O 2 aumentaram com o aumento da concentração de biodiesel na mistura, enquanto as emissões de CO 2 , NO, CO e HC diminuíram. A carga aplicada ao motor esteve diretamente relacionada às emissões, exceto para O 2 . O combustível S10, com 20% de biodiesel, reduz as emissões, em comparação ao diesel comercial (S500), sem perda no desempenho do motor.Termos para indexação: ciclo diesel, emissão de CO 2 , energia renovável, freio dinamométrico, poluentes, teor de enxofre. Emissions of agricultural engine using different diesel types and biodiesel concentrations in the fuel mixtureAbstract -The objective of this work was to quantify the effect of diesel type and of biodiesel concentrations in the fuel mixture on gas emissions from an agricultural engine subjected to different loads. Two diesel types were tested: S10, with low sulfur content; and S500, with high sulfur content; as well as their mixtures with 5, 10, 15, 20, 50, and 100% biodiesel. The engine, with four cylinders, turbocharged, and with 105-hp maximum power, was subjected to eight operation modes, under different rotations and torques. The assay followed the methodology set out in standard NBR ISO 8174-4:2012, and the emissions of O 2 , CO 2 , NO 2 , NO, CO, and hydrocarbons (HC) were analyzed. Only the HC emissions were affected by the type of diesel used. The NO 2 and O 2 emissions increased with greater concentration of biodiesel in the mixture, whereas the CO 2 , NO, CO, and HC emissions reduced. The load applied to the engine was directly related to the emissions, except for O 2 . The S10 fuel, with 20% biodiesel, reduces emissions, when compared to the commercial diesel (S500), without losing engine performance.

RESUMO A tomada de potência (TDP) de um trator agrícola tem por principal fi nalidade transmitir a potência gerada no motor, para acionamento de órgãos ativos das máquinas agrícolas. Tendo em vista a necessidade de se aumentar a efi ciência energética na ABSTRACTThe agricultural tractor power take-off main purpose is to transmit the power generated in the engine to drive the active organs of farm machinery. In view of the need to increase the energy effi ciency in agriculture, some manufacturers provide for farmers a power take-off with economy mode, which provides to the drive these machines at a reduced engine rpm. Thus, the PTO speed is maintained and can obtain a reduction in fuel consumption. This research aimed to quantify the fuel consumption of a tractor with two power take-off confi gurations in two agricultural areas with different reliefs. As result, it is evident that the use of economy mode, both hourly fuel consumption and operational fuel consumption in both areas worked less when compared to standard power take-off. Key words: fuel consumption, economy PTO mode, machines driven by PTO.A crescente preocupação da sociedade mundial com o ambiente origina uma pressão sobre o uso de combustíveis fósseis, que são os grandes responsáveis pela emissão de gases poluentes na atmosfera. Vários países estão buscando reduzir ao máximo o uso desses combustíveis, seja pela substituição do produto ou pela adição de outros combustíveis para diminuir a carga poluidora (MAULE et al., 2001).Em função dos custos dos combustíveis, potencial poluidor gerado pela queima destes, e necessidade de diminuir o consumo de energia, faz-se necessário que sejam desenvolvidas formas alternativas de gerenciamento das atividades agrícolas, mais especifi camente da principal fonte de potência para estas, o trator. A utilização do trator, dentro da propriedade agrícola, é muito diversifi cada e a busca otimizada de seu desempenho se justifi ca (VALE et al., 2011). Na escolha do trator ideal para realizar as operações agrícolas, podemos avaliar diversos itens, como potência, conforto, manobrabilidade, facilidade de manutenção e preço de aquisição, sendo que o conhecimento da efi ciência energética do trator poderia ser mais um item a ser considerado em sua seleção (SILVEIRA & SIERRA, 2010). Uma forma prática de verifi car essa efi ciência consiste em expressar, a campo, a quantidade de combustível consumida pelo trator durante uma determinada operação agrícola.-NOTA -

No atual modelo de agricultura, é indispensável que o produtor conheça a real disponibilidade de tempo para a execução das operações agrícolas ao longo do ciclo das culturas. Este é o primeiro passo para se planejar e se obter maior eficiência na execução dessas operações, que estão sujeitas às variações do clima. As variáveis meteorológicas de uma determinada região influenciam diretamente no número de dias disponíveis para trabalhar com máquinas agrícolas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar as probabilidades de ocorrência de dias favoráveis para o trabalho mecanizado, utilizando-se informações meteorológicas do município de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. As condições para se considerar o dia como favorável para o trabalho com máquinas foram a precipitação < 5 mm e o armazenamento de água no solo (ARM) entre 40 e 90% da capacidade de água disponível (CAD). O método da cadeia de Markov de primeira ordem foi utilizado para estimar as probabilidades condicionais de dias favoráveis ao trabalho com máquinas. Os resultados indicam que a metodologia aplicada para estimar as probabilidades de dias favoráveis ao uso de máquinas agrícolas foi viável, evidenciando as épocas mais apropriadas à execução de operações agrícolas mecanizadas no campo, para o município de Santa Maria, RS.