This article aims to systematize the profile of cocaine and crack users in Brazil. The study adopted a literature review of the MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane Library databases and CAPES thesis/dissertation database. Data were grouped in thematic categories: national household surveys, surveys of specific population groups, profile of patients that seek treatment, and mortality and morbidity. Within each category the principal findings from the Brazilian literature were described and then discussed. The article concludes that the information on cocaine and crack consumption in Brazil is still incipient, but that the scientific community can already draw on a relevant theoretical corpus that can be used to update current public policies on this issue.
OBJECTIVE:To build students' profi le regarding alcohol consumption and risk behavior. METHODS:A total of 1,990 students were included in the study, aged 11 to 21 years old, from both genders, enrolled in public and private schools, in Southeastern Brazil, in 2004. A self-administered questionnaire was answered in the classroom without the presence of the teacher. The questionnaire also assessed the perception of how easy it was to get alcoholic beverages, the contexts where they drunk, and the consequences of drinking. RESULTS:Prevalence of lifetime alcohol use was 62.2%. Regarding consumption in the last 30 days, 17.3% of students reported at least one episode of binge drinking (fi ve or more drinks). Adolescents reported that they had gotten alcoholic drinks very easily from shops, and also in social contexts with relatives and friends. Only 1% of underaged reported that they had tried and could not buy alcoholic beverages. As negative consequences of alcohol use in the last 12 months, students reported feeling sick due to drinking (17.9%), regret for doing something under the infl uence of alcohol (11%), blackouts (9.8%), and getting involved in a fi ght after drinking (5%). Over half of the students (55%) reported knowing someone who had been involved in a car accident because of a drunk driver. CONCLUSIONS:Data showed high prevalence of alcohol use among adolescents studied and how easy access to alcoholic beverages is, including to underaged people. Youngsters put themselves at risk and presented negative consequences of alcohol consumption. Prompt actions regarding public alcohol policies in Brazil are needed.
A b s t r a c t Objective: The study accompanied 131 crack-cocaine users over a 5-year period, and examined mortality patterns, as well as the causes of death among them. Method: All patients admitted to a detoxification unit in Sao Paulo between 1992 and 1994 were interviewed during two follow-up periods: 1995-1996 and 1998-1999. Results: After 5 years, 124 patients were localized (95%). By the study endpoint (1999), 23 patients (17.6%) had died. Homicide was the most prevalent cause of death (n = 13). Almost one third of the deaths were due to the HIV infection, especially among those with a history of intravenous drug use. Less than 10% died from overdose. Conclusions: The study suggests that the mortality risk among crack cocaine users is greater than that seen in the general population, being homicide and AIDS the most common causes of death among such individuals.Keywords: Crack cocaine; Longitudinal studies; Mortality rate; Cause of death; Substance related disorders Resumo Objetivo: O estudo acompanhou, por cinco anos, um grupo de 131 usuários de crack e observou os padrões de mortalidade, bem como as causas mortis entre esses. Método: Todos os pacientes que se internaram em um serviço de desintoxicação, localizado no município de São Paulo, entre 1992-1994 foram entrevistados em duas ocasiões: 1995-1996 e 1998-1999. Resultados: Após cinco anos, 124 pacientes foram localizados (95%). Vinte e três pacientes (17,6%) haviam morrido ao final do quinto ano de seguimento, sendo os homicídios a causa mortis mais prevalente (n = 13). Quase um terço dos pacientes morreu devido à infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV), especialmente aqueles com antecedentes pessoais de uso de drogas endovenosas. Menos de 10% dos pacientes morreu de overdose. Conclusões: O estudo sugere que os usuários de crack têm maior risco de morte do que a população geral, sendo os homicídios e a AIDS as causas mais observadas.Descritores: Cocaína crack; Estudos longitudinais; Coeficiente de mortalidade; Causa da morte; Transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias
The safety profile of NAC and its favorable tolerability, in addition to being anover-the-counter medication, presents with an interesting potential clinical use for craving in SUDs. (Am J Addict 2017;26:660-666).
A b s t r a c t Objective: To investigate the relationship between age of onset, alcohol consumption patterns and related problems. Method: In 2004, one self-administered questionnaire was completed by 1,990 students from the 5 th to 11 th grades of schools in Paulínia-SP. Data collection was conducted at the classroom without the presence of the teacher. The participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. Results: Prevalence of lifetime alcohol use was 62.2%. The mean age of first use of alcohol was 12.35 (sd = 2.72) and ranged between 5 and 19 years of age. In 78% of the cases, the first use occurred before the age of 15, and more than 22% of the students reported having tried alcohol before 10 years of age. There were significant differences regarding current pattern of use: those who started earlier consumed more drinks per occasion (p = 0.013) and had more drunkenness episodes in the last 30 days (p = 0.05). A relationship between the age of first alcohol use and the use of tobacco (p = 0.017) and other drugs (p = 0.047) was observed. Conclusions: Adolescents first use alcohol in early ages, what impacts the current consumption patterns. This study emphasizes the need of actions regarding public alcohol policies in Brazil in order to prevent or delay the initiation of alcohol use and its related problems.Descriptors: Adolescent; Age of onset; Alcoholic beverages; Alcohol drinking/adverse effects; Public policy Resumo Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre idade de início de uso de álcool, padrão de consumo e problemas relacionados. Método: Em 2004, um questionário de autopreenchimento foi respondido por 1.990 alunos de 5ª série do ensino fundamental a 3ª série do ensino médio do município de Paulínia-SP. A coleta de dados foi realizada em sala de aula, sem a presença do professor. A participação no estudo era voluntária e anônima. Resultados: A prevalência de uso de álcool na vida foi de 62,2%. A média de idade de primeiro uso de álcool foi de 12,35 (sd = 2,72), variando entre 5 e 19 anos. Em 78% dos casos, o primeiro uso de álcool ocorreu antes dos 15 anos, sendo que mais de 22% dos adolescentes relataram que experimentaram bebida alcoólica antes dos 10 anos. Houve diferenças significantes para padrão de consumo atual: aqueles que começaram mais cedo consumiram mais doses por ocasião (p = 0,013) e tiveram mais episódios de embriaguez nos últimos 30 dias (p = 0,05). Houve associação entre a idade de experimentação do álcool e o uso de tabaco (p = 0,017) e outras drogas (p = 0,047). Conclusões: Jovens experimentam álcool em idade precoce e isto tem impacto no padrão de consumo atual. Esse artigo enfatiza a necessidade de ações imediatas em relação às políticas públicas do álcool no Brasil para prevenir ou adiar o início do consumo de álcool e problemas relacionados.Descritores: Adolescentes; Idade de início; Bebidas alcoólicas; Consumo de bebidas alcoólicas/efeitos adversos; Política social
Community-based and tailored interventions should be considered to improve those patients' social support and permanence in treatment.
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