Every year about 3 million tourists from around the world visit Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay´s triple border region where the Iguaçu Falls are located. Unfortunately, in recent years an increasing number of autochthonous canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases have been reported. The parasite is Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and it is transmitted by sand flies (Phlebotominae). To assess the risk factors favorable for the establishment and spread of potential vectors the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light trap (CDC-light trap) collections were made in the Foz do Iguaçu (FI) and Santa Terezinha de Itaipu (STI) townships and along two transects between them. Our study determined the Phlebotominae fauna, the factors that affect the presence and abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani, the presence of L. infantum in different sand fly species and which Leishmania species are present in this region. Lutzomyia longipalpis was the prevalent species and its distribution was related to the abundance of dogs. Leishmania
infantum was found in Lu. longipalpis, Ny. whitmani, Ny. neivai and a Lutzomyia sp. All the results are discussed within the Stockholm Paradigm and focus on their importance in the elaboration of public health policies in international border areas. This region has all the properties of stable VL endemic foci that can serve as a source of the disease for neighboring municipalities, states and countries. Most of the urban areas of tropical America are propitious for Lu. longipalpis establishment and have large dog populations. Pan American Health Organization´s initiative in supporting the public health policies in the border areas of this study is crucial and laudable. However, if stakeholders do not act quickly in controlling VL in this region, the scenario will inevitable become worse. Moreover, L. (Viannia) braziliensis found in this study supports the need to develop public health policies to avoid the spread of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The consequences of socioeconomic attributes, boundaries and frontiers on the spread of diseases cannot be neglected. For an efficient control, it is essential that urban planning is articulated with the neighboring cities.
RESUMOEste trabalho objetiva avaliar as atividades desenvolvidas durante a última gestão dos membros do Conselho Consultivo da APA da Serra da Mantiqueira -CONAPAM quanto à efetividade do processo de gestão participativa desta Unidade de Conservação, que constitui um dos maiores espaços especialmente protegidos e inseridos no bioma Mata Atlântica. Possui foco na percepção dos conselheiros quanto aos aspectos positivos e negativos do conselho e na proposição de solução aos problemas apresentados. Para isso utilizou-se um questionário específico e foi realizada avaliação de documentos institucionais do conselho, em especial as Atas e as freqüências dos conselheiros. Os resultados demonstraram que o CONAPAM apesar de ser um importante fórum para a discussão e proposição de ações com vistas a indicar soluções para os problemas enfrentados pela Unidade, incentivando o desenvolvimento sustentável na região, possui baixa participação efetiva dos seus membros. Dentre as ações apontadas para melhoria da efetividade das ações do CONAPAM é necessário criar estratégias que estimulem o maior comprometimento dos seus conselheiros tanto no planejamento quanto na implantação de ações que envolvam políticas públicas para gestão participativa e sustentável na região de abrangência dessa Unidade. Palavras chave: conselho consultivo, gestão participativa, APA da Serra da Mantiqueira, unidade de conservação, Mata Atlântica.
ABSTRACTThis study aims to evaluate the activities developed during the last administration of the members of the Advisory Board of the Mantiqueira APA -CONAP regarding the effectiveness of the process of participatory management of conservation areas, which is one of the largest spaces and entered into the specially protected forest biome Atlantic. Has focused on perceptions of counselors on the positive and negative aspects of the council and in proposing solutions to problems presented. For this we used a questionnaire and was conducted of institutional assessment of the council, in particular the acts and the frequency of advisers. The results showed that CONAP despite being an important forum for discussion and propose actions in order to indicate solutions to the problems faced by the Unit by encouraging sustainable development in the region, has low effective participation of its members. Among the actions suggested for the improvement of effectiveness of CONAP is necessary to create strategies that encourage greater commitment from their advisors in both the planning and the implementations of actions involving public policies for sustainable and participatory management in the region covered by this Unit.
Artigo recebido em 9 de maio de 2017, versão final aceita em 31 de outubro de 2017.
RESUMO:O objetivo deste ensaio é realizar discussão acerca da relação intrínseca entre os conceitos de capital social e sustentabilidade, no contexto dos processos de desenvolvimento territorial. Sua estrutura apresenta quatro partes: introdução, discussão teórica sobre o conceito de capital social, relação entre capital social e sustentabilidade, e considerações finais. Partindo do conceito de capital social, descreve-se sua genealogia, evolução histórica e suas respectivas dimensões para, na sequência, resgatar o conceito de sustentabilidade e estabelecer a relação histórica e epistemológica entre esses dois conceitos, considerando a análise do ambiente sociocultural das décadas de 1960 e 1970.Palavras-chave: desenvolvimento sustentável; territorialidade; racionalidade.
ABSTRACT:The aim of this essay is to discuss the intrinsic relationship between the concepts of social capital and sustainability regarding the territorial development processes. Its structure consists in four parts: introduction, theoretical discussion on the concept of social capital, relationship between social capital and sustainability, and final considerations. Based on the concept of social capital, its genealogy, historical evolution and respective dimensions are described, in order to recover the concept of sustainability and establish a historical and epistemological relationship between these two concepts, taking into account the sociocultural environmental analysis of the 1960s and 1970s.
In order to bolster the concept of sustainable territorial development in conjunction with the three capitals -natural, social, and built capital -, a conceptual methodology was elaborated. It utilized the infrastructure systems to group indicator dimensions of built capital, highlighting what actually corresponds to the territorial development reality and not just economic growth. This resulted in the selection of 70 indicators that were tested with data from the Curitiba Metropolitan Region (CMR). Thirty-five indicators were selected from the data available to evaluate the development in 29 municipalities that form the CMR. Finally, the Sustainable Territorial Development Index (INFRASTDI) and Inequality Index (II) were proposed to summarize the information collected.
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