In recent years, there has been a great increase in the interest of "emotion" and how it can be studied and translated from animals. Emotions arise when the brain receives an external stimulus, while the feeling is a response to emotion and concerns how the individual feels before that emotion. Emotional states do not exist to be locked within an individual. Emotions are expressed in some way and have great importance for the welfare of animals, especially within the farm animal production chains. The affective side of emotions is more difficult to be studied, however, it takes an effort to evaluate what is observable, registrable and measurable: behavioral and physiological measures that may indicate positive and negative emotional states. It is possible to use behavioral and even physiological information to analyze the feeling and, especially, the immediate emotion that triggers it in animals. The aim of this article is to review the concepts and researches on emotions and feelings in farm animals that may be related to the expression of emotions.
The expression of emotions in animals is a source of information not very explored by researches. It is necessary to know what emotions animals experience and how these emotions are expressed to the point that we can identify them. Within this approach, the use of techniques to measure body changes in animals according to the type of emotion experienced is one of the following paths. The ear and tail positioning was described as body areas subject to changes caused by emotions in animals. However, the position of the ears and tail may vary between species when it comes to the emotional state and therefore, it is not possible to establish a pattern. It is necessary to evaluate each species individually and the results cannot be transmitted from one species to another. In addition, animals demonstrate different facial expressions associated with pain. Changes in facial expression in animals may also be related to emotions.
The inclusion of environmental enrichment in conventional broiler rearing can increase mobility, bone mass and muscle. This research aimed to evaluate the use of environmental enrichment in the rearing of broilers at different ages and its influence on performance, morphometry, yield and weight of the parts. It was used the completely randomized design in split-plot scheme, being the plots the treatments presence (T1) and absence (T2) of environmental enrichment and the subplots the broiler ages (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days), with 56 chicks in each treatment (T1 and T2). Data obtained were analyzed by the linear effect model of fixed effects and compared by Tukey’s test of means. The animals were raised in a controlled environment, divided into four boxes with dimensions: 1.5 × 1.0 × 0.7 m, containing rice straw bed. In T1 a ladder with a perch on top was used, distributed every 1.5 m2. Environmental enrichment used did not influence broiler’s zootechnical performance. Broilers’ morphometric properties, parts weight and body weight increased due to environmental enrichment and, improvement was observed in chicks rearing’s final phase. The environmental enrichment was beneficial for muscle and bone mass gain in the main commercial parts of the chicken carcass, in addition to reducing the allometric coefficient of the breasts in chickens.
Resumo Creep has been pointed out as one of the main causes of non-structural cracking in concrete structures. Nevertheless, their behavior on concretes made with current materials is scarcely known. The use of real time health monitoring systems of strains in structures has been demonstrated to be a high potential inspection and maintenance techniques. The aim of this paper is to contribute for the publication of acquisition control techniques and strain results from a one month health monitoring period for Brazilian commercial concrete cylindrical specimens. For that, the equipment DataTaker and the DeTransfer software was used. Keywords: health monitoring, creep, data acquisition and concrete specimens.A fluência vem sendo apontada como uma das principais causas de patologias em estruturas de concreto. Todavia, o seu comportamento para concretos feitos com os cimentos nacionais atuais é conhecido de forma muito limitada. O uso de sistemas de monitoração de deformação em tempo real de estruturas tem demonstrado um grande potencial como técnicas de inspeção e manutenção. O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para a divulgação de técnicas do controle de aquisição e resultados referentes ao período de um mês de monitoração da deformação por fluência em corpos de prova cilíndricos considerando um concreto de linha de produção brasileiro. Para tanto, utilizaram-se o equipamento DataTaker e o programa DeTransfer.Palavras-chave: monitoração, fluência, aquisição de dados, corpos de prova de concreto.
Incomplete responses were excluded. Results: One hundred and thirty responses from 31 countries were included. Most surgeons (73%) perform <50 liver resections per year. Twenty-five percent of surgeons believe that the ideal resection margin is not well established yet. The ideal resection margin was believed to be "no tumor cells at the margin" in 32% of surgeons, "more than 1 mm tumor-free margin" in 41% of surgeons, "more than 5 mm tumor-free margin" in 14% of surgeons and "more than 1 cm tumor-free margin" in 13% of surgeons. Ninety percent of surgeons (117/130) think that an open approach is better in achieving a R0 resection than a laparoscopic approach. Conclusion: Continuing debate exists regarding the most optimal resection margin for colorectal liver metastases. Concerning the type of surgical approach, the majority of surgeons believe that open surgery is better in achieving tumor-free margins.
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