Forensic toxicology is the study and practice of the application of toxicology to the purposes of the law. The relevance of any finding is determined, in the first instance, by the nature and integrity of the specimen(s) submitted for analysis. This means that there are several specific challenges to select and collect specimens for ante-mortem and post-mortem toxicology investigation. Post-mortem specimens may be numerous and can endow some special difficulties compared to clinical specimens, namely those resulting from autolytic and putrefactive changes. Storage stability is also an important issue to be considered during the pre-analytic phase, since its consideration should facilitate the assessment of sample quality and the analytical result obtained from that sample. The knowledge on degradation mechanisms and methods to increase storage stability may enable the forensic toxicologist to circumvent possible difficulties. Therefore, advantages and limitations of specimen preservation procedures are thoroughfully discussed in this review. Presently, harmonized protocols for sampling in suspected intoxications would have obvious utility. In the present article an overview is given on sampling procedures for routinely collected specimens as well as on alternative specimens that may provide additional information on the route and timing of exposure to a specific xenobiotic. Last, but not least, a discussion on possible bias that can influence the interpretation of toxicological results is provided. This comprehensive review article is intented as a significant help for forensic toxicologists to accomplish their frequently overwhelming mission.

ResumoIn this work it was evaluated the influence tire rubber addition in mortars in order to replace part of the sand (12% by volume). It was also intended to verify if the tire rubber treatment with NaOH saturated aqueous solution causes interference on the mechanical properties of the mixture. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption, modulus of elasticity, and flow test were made in specimens of 5cmx10cm and the tests were carried out to 7, 28, 56, 90, and 180 days. The results show reduction on mechanical properties values after addition of tire rubber and decrease of the workability. It was also observed that the tire rubber treatment does not cause any alteration on the results compared to the rubber without treatment.Keywords: tire rubber mortar, mechanical properties, and waste management.Neste trabalho foi avaliada a influência da adição de borracha de pneus em argamassas substituindo parte da areia (12% em volume). O trabalho também tem como objetivo verificar se o tratamento da superfície da borracha com solução aquosa saturada de NaOH, causa interferência nas propriedades mecânicas das misturas. Foram feitos ensaios de trabalhabilidade, resistência à compressão, resistência à tração e módulo de elasticidade em corpos-de-prova de 5x10(cm) para as idades de 7, 28, 56 e 90 dias. Os resultados mostram redução nos valores das propriedades mecânicas após a adição da borracha de pneu e perda da trabalhabilidade. Também foi observado que o tratamento da superfície da borracha de pneu não demonstra alteração nos resultados quando comparados com os resultados dos corpos-de-prova que não sofreram tratamento.Palavras-chave: argamassa com borracha de pneu, propriedades mecânicas e resíduos.

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), suboccipital (SO) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles and the craniocervical posture in individuals with episodic tension-type headache (ETTH). Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, non-randomized study with 60 young adults (77% female) comprising both sexes and an age range of 18-27 years. Individuals were distributed into a control group (G1) and individuals with ETTH (G2). The frequency of headaches per month was recorded. A pressure dynamometer was used to evaluate the PPT. Photogrammetry was used to evaluate the cervical lordosis (CL) and cephalic protrusion (CP). The data were statistically analyzed. Results: There were differences in the PPT, where the UT, SO and SCM muscles presented lower sensitivity to pain, respectively. The SCM muscle presented a lower PPT in G2. The CL and CP angles were significantly lower in G2. Conclusion: Individuals with ETTH exhibited a significantly lower PPT in the SCM and SO muscles than in the UT muscle. Nevertheless, individuals with ETTH presented with the SCM muscle being more sensitive to pain as well as higher CL and CP than individuals without symptomatology.

Este trabalho apresenta a elaboração de mapas áudio-dinâmicos e generalizados para um Sistema de Navegação e Guia de Rota em Automóvel (SINGRA). As representações foram projetadas com base nos princípios da comunicação cartográfica, e ênfase nas operações de generalização. A mídia utilizada consistiu em um monitor de navegação de sete polegadas, e as escalas foram definidas em função da mídia e da tarefa tática, e resultaram em 1/10.000, 1/5.000, 1/2.500 e 1/1.000. Sobre uma base na escala 1/1.000, aplicou-se as operações de simplificação, exagero e deslocamento, para a obtenção dos mapas generalizados. Os comandos de voz, pré-gravados na voz feminina, foram executados em sincronia com os mapas. A solução em múltiplas escalas foi implementada em um SINGRA disponível na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT-UNESP), a partir do compilador Visual Basic e da biblioteca MapObjects. A comparação visual entre o sistema de múltiplas escalas e de escala única revelou que o novo SINGRA pode apresentar a informação em função da tarefa tática, o que é um fator relevante porque para distintos momentos da viagem, o motorista requer diferentes tipos de informação. Todavia, recomenda-se testar as representações com um grupo de motoristas para avaliar a usabilidade do sistema.

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