The ITL variables, recovery, and physical performance changed significantly throughout a professional volleyball season. Despite the decrease in ITL during the main competitive period, the correct distribution of weekly ITL seems to be very important to guarantee the best recovery of athletes.
Background: Given the variety of available hand-held dynamometers and their different handle shapes, reliability studies are needed.Objectives: To compare the accuracy and reliability between three different hand-held dynamometers and analyze the influence of their handles on grip strength. Methods: The tests were performed with the Jamar ® dynamometer, the Takei ® dynamometer and the EMG System Manual Transducer with modified handle. Eighteen healthy volunteers aged 20.0±1.3 years without history of musculoskeletal disorders or trauma in the evaluated limbs were included. Data normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. To verify possible differences between the dynamometers, repeated measures ANOVA was administered, followed by Tukey post-hoc tests. Reliability between measurements was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and agreement was tested using Bland and Altman plots. The dynamometers calibration process was evaluated using linear regressions. Results: We observed statistically significant differences on the female group between the Jamar ® and the Takei ® dynamometers (females p<0.001 and males p=0.022) and the EMG System Manual Transducer (female p<0.001 and males p=0.007). However, the Takei ® dymamometer and the EMG System Manual Transducer were similar for both female (p=0.161) and male groups (p=0.850). Although acceptable values of intraclass correlation coefficients between measurements were identified, low agreement between the Jamar ® dynamometer and all other instruments was found. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that there is an influence of the dynamometer's handle shapes on the measurements of grip strength. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the need for previous calibration of this type of instrument.Keywords: dynamometer; grip strength; physical therapy. ResumoContextualização: Dada a variedade de dinamômetros disponíveis para mensurar a força de preensão manual com diferentes formatos de empunhaduras, estudos de confiabilidade fazem-se necessários. Objetivos: Comparar a exatidão e a precisão das medidas de três dinamômetros distintos e analisar a influência do perfil de empunhadura de cada um. Métodos: Os testes foram realizados com os dinamômetros Jamar ® , Takei ® e o Transdutor Manual EMG System com empunhadura modificada. Foram avaliados 18 voluntários saudáveis, com idade de 20±1,3 anos, sem histórico de doença musculoesquelética ou traumas nos membros avaliados. A normalidade dos dados foi testada por meio do teste Shapiro-Wilk. Para verificar as possíveis diferenças entre as medições dos dinamômetros, aplicou-se uma ANOVA para medidas repetidas seguida do post-hoc de Tukey. A confiabilidade entre as medidas foi avaliada por meio do Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI), e a concordância foi testada utilizando o procedimento de Bland e Altman. Para o procedimento de calibração dos dinamômetros, procedeu-se à análise de regressão linear e de covariância. Resultados: Observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o dinam...
-This study aimed to compare the perceived subjective exertion (PSE) and total load lifted in resistance exercises performed on stable platforms (SP) and unstable platforms (UP). Participants were 20 men (24.6 ± 3.4 years, 179 ± 0.1 cm, 80.6 ± 9.1 kg and 11.8 ± 3.4% fat). Each subject performed a 15 maximum repetition test in half squat exercises (soil and balance discs), pronated barbell row (soil and bosu) and biceps curl (soil and balance discs) in both conditions. PSE was measured using the OMNI-RES scale and the load lifted value (kg). To verify the normality of data, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used. Possible differences related to loads and PSE on the platforms were performed by the paired t test. Significance level of p <0.05 was adopted. No significant differences between PSE values on SP and UP were respectively observed in the half squat (8.2 and 8.5 / p = 0.8), pronated barbell row (8.4 and 8.4 / p = 0.7) and biceps curl (8.6 and 8.7 / p = 1.0). Higher load values on SP and UP were respectively found in half squat (83.9kg and 70.3kg / p <0.001) and pronated barbell row exercises (53.2kg and 48.6kg / p = 0.01) on SP. However, biceps curl showed dissimilar behavior (48.2kg and 47.4kg / p = 0.5). It was concluded that UP does not promote differences in PSE responses even working with smaller load or similar load. Key words: Instability; Perceived exertion; Resistance strength. (24,6 ± 3,4 anos, 179 ± 0,1 cm, 80,6 ± 9,1 Kg e 11,8 ± 3,4 PSE em PE e PI respectivamente, no meio agachamento (8,2 e 8,5 / p=0,8), remada curvada pronada (8,4 e 8,4 / p=0,7) e rosca bíceps (8,6 e 8,7 / p=1,0). Foram encontrados maiores valores de carga em PE e PI respectivamente, nos exercícios de meio agachamento (83,9kg e 70,3kg / p<0,001) e remada curvada pronada (53,2kg e 48,6kg / p=0,01) na PE. Em contrapartida, para a rosca bíceps não ocorreu o mesmo (48,2kg e 47,4kg / p=0,5 Resumo -Objetivou-se comparar a percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) e a carga total levantada nos exercícios resistidos em plataformas estáveis (PE) e plataformas instáveis (PI). Participaram do estudo 20 homens % de gordura). Cada voluntário realizou um teste de 15 repetições máximas nos exercícios meio agachamento (solo e discos de equilíbrio), remada curvada pronada (solo e bosu) e rosca bíceps (solo e discos de equilíbrio) em ambas as condições. Foram medidas a PSE através da escala de OMNI-RES e o valor da carga levantada (kg
Introdução: Superfícies instáveis podem ser utilizadas no treinamento resistido a fim de promover maiores estímulos no sistema neuromuscular. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito de diferentes intensidades de força no agachamento nas superfícies estável (SE) e instável (SI) sobre a atividade eletromiográfica (EMG) e a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE). Métodos: Foi verificado a EMG e a PSE de 15 homens treinados no agachamento na SE e na SI com cargas randomizadas. Resultados: Em relação à EMG não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as cargas na SE e SI. A PSE foi maior na condição de 60% de 1RM na SI, quando comparada a 40% na SI, e 50% na SE. Também se observaram diferenças na condição de 70% de 1RM na SE, quando comparada a 40% na SI, e 50% na SE. Conclusão: O agachamento, mesmo com uma carga inferior, realizado na SI, produz atividade EMG similar ao executado na SE. Por outro lado, a PSE, em moderada intensidade, foi maior na SI.
Longitudinal examination of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) through measures of heart rate variability (HRV) has recently been proposed as a possible methodology to monitor acute and chronic responses to training and recovery. Due to the regimented rotation day schedule of baseball starting pitchers, this methodology holds potential for guiding in-season training load among this population. However, measures of HRV among baseball starting pitchers have yet to be reported across an entire season. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a 5-day pitching rotation schedule on resting measures of HRV across an entire baseball season among professional baseball starting pitchers. METHODS: Eight Single-A level professional baseball starting pitchers volunteered to participate in this study (21.91 ± 1.34 yrs; 185.42 ± 3.59 cm; 85.23 ± 7.49 kg). Resting measures of HRV were collected daily throughout the season upon arrival to the clubhouse and before any physical training. All HRV data were collected using remote physiological monitors with the participant quietly lying supine for 10 minutes. Square root of the mean sum of the squared differences (RMSSD) were calculated during the middle five minutes of the R-R series data. A mixed-model repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the influence of pitching rotation day on resting RMSSD across the season, as well as differences in resting RMSSD among pitchers. An alpha of p < 0.05 determined statistical significance. RESULTS: The interaction effect between Rotation Day × Pitcher on resting RMSSD was not significant (F 28,706 = 1.267, p = 0.163). However, significant main effects of both Rotation Day and Pitcher on resting RMSSD were identified (F 4,706 = 2.519, p = 0.040; F 7,706 = 106.940, p < 0.001, respectively). Follow-up pairwise tests revealed that resting RMSSD on Day 2 was significantly lower than all other rotation days. CONCLUSIONS: Resting HRV one day after completing a normally scheduled start (i.e., Day 2) is significantly lower than all other rotation days. However, this altered ANS function returned to Day 1 values before the next scheduled start. Furthermore, the significant differences in resting RMSSD values among the pitchers suggests that future research may need to examine longitudinal HRV changes on an individual basis.
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