El deterioro cognitivo durante el envejecimiento normal o patológico puede retrasarse mediante experiencias que fomentan la reserva cognitiva. En este sentido, algunos estudios indican que el bilingüismo retrasaría los síntomas de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Sin embargo, la evidencia se basa en diseños retrospectivos que arrojan resultados contradictorios. Este trabajo analiza dichos resultados, identifica las principales variables detrás de sus discrepancias y propone alternativas metodológicas. Primero, caracterizamos los posibles factores de confusión, a saber: criterios para definir el bilingüismo, diferencias en los diseños muestrales, instrumentos empleados para estudiar las habilidades cognitivas y variables que modulan el desempeño cognitivo. Luego proponemos que estas limitaciones se podrían evitar mediante diseños calvo y otros: bilingüismo 4 clac 68/2016, 3-44 experimentales y el uso de instrumentos adecuados para controlar eficazmente dichas variables. Además, sugerimos incorporar tareas que ya han demostrado patrones predecibles de desempeño contrastivo entre individuos bilingües y monolingües (desventajas bilingües en el vocabulario, efectos nulos en ciertos componentes de la memoria de trabajo y ventajas en el control inhibitorio), y otras que podrían sumar datos muy valiosos (como las tareas de interferencia proactiva). Estas consideraciones pueden arrojar luz no sólo sobre la relación entre bilingüismo y reserva cognitiva, sino también sobre mecanismos más generales de compensación cognitiva. Palabras clave: bilingüismo, enfermedad de Alzheimer, reserva cognitiva, diseño de investigación.
Objective. This work sought to know the state of the artrelated to the theme of Interprofessional Education (IPE)in the training of Nursing and Medical students and thelevel of evidence developed thus far. Methods. This wasan exploratory systematic review, declared as scopingreview by the Joanna Briggs Institute, JBI, in which asearch was performed in Embase, Science direct, PubmedMedline, Academic search complete, BVS, Scopus and ERIC databases, limiting between 2009 - 2019 byusing the DeCS and MeSH terms of Interprofessionaleducation, education research, healthcare professionals,nursing and medicine, selecting 39 original articles aftercarrying out the review process with the criteria by theJBI. Results. Four thematic nuclei emerged: Experiencesand perceptions of interprofessional learning, Didacticsrelated with IPE, Empirical indicators related with IPE,and Development of professional skills. The highest level of evidence is presented bythe articles dealing with didactics; on the contrary, no articles were found that dealtwith topics related with early inclusion of IPE in the medical and nursing curricula,which are currently necessary to complement the focus of patient-centered care. Conclusion. The thematic nuclei show that the level of evidence in the literatureis varied, although mostly descriptive in scope, highlighting the development ofprofessional skills as a result of interprofessional education.
The present research explores the impact of native language on perception patterns of monolingual students from China, Russia, Mexico, the USA, and bilingual students from India. The research findings, obtained with verbal protocols, demonstrate statistically significant differences in the way representatives of different cultures perceive information and prove the hypothesis according to which the principles of sentence organization in native languages determine the focus of perception and gaze direction in individuals. In particular, with a = 0.01, 0.05 and 0.005 American students are focused on the object and demonstrate linear gaze direction, whereas Russian, Chinese, Mexican, and Indian students are focused on the field and demonstrate chaotic, unstructured gaze direction. Differences in perception patterns explain the co-existence of local and Western approaches to advertisement layout design in national and multicultural markets around the world, which makes them all in all an important issue for consideration in global advertising.
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