Abstract:The article concentrates on the application of gravity-type model to explain the volume of agro-exports from the Czech Republic. The multiplicative exponential function of the appropriate explanatory variables is used to describe the bilateral trade flows. Gross national product, gross national product per capita and geographical distance between the capitals of economies proved statistically significant. From regression analysis of the transformed data, there is apparent the positive correlation between the export volume of the commodity group 0 -Food and live animals SITC, rev.3 and gross national income. On the contrary, the negative correlation is between the agro-export volume and gross national income per capita and geographical distance as well. The built model is significant at the 5% level and explains more than 75% of dependent variable variance.Key words: international trade, agricultural trade, log-linear regression, trade flows Abstrakt: Pøíspìvek se zabývá aplikací gravitaèního modelu na vysvìtlení velikosti exportù zemìdìlských komodit z Èeské republiky. Závislost objemu bilaterální obchodní výmìny na pøísluných vysvìtlujících promìnných je popsána multiplikativní exponenciální funkcí. Z pouitých vysvìtlujících promìnných se jako statisticky významné prokázaly hrubý národní dùchod, hrubý národní dùchod na obyvatele a geografická vzdálenost mìøená mezi hlavními mìsty. Z provedené regresní analýzy na transformovaných datech vyplývá pozitivní závislost objemu exportu komoditní tøídy 0 Potraviny a ivá zvíøata SITC, rev. 3 na hrubém národním dùchodu a negativní závislostna hrubém národním dùchodu na obyvatele a geografické vzdálenosti. Sestavený model je statisticky významný na hladinì 5 % a vysvìtluje více ne 74 % variability závislé promìnné.Klíèová slova: mezinárodní obchod, zemìdìlský obchod, linearizování regrese, obchodní tokyThe article is result of the research supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, CEZ: JO8/98/ 431100007 Forming of the structure of agriculture and food industry and trends in behaviour of entrepreneurial subjects within the process of the Czech Republic integration into the EU.
AbstractŠEVELA, M.: Development of convergence in foreign trade of the new EU-members. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2005, LIII, No. 3, pp. 195-204 The importance of convergence in foreign trade is mentioned in the theory of optimum currency from the very beginning. Also the OCA index incorporates two basic aspect of foreign trade. The territorial reorientation is always characteristic for new EU-members and this process was already accomplished by most of the new EU-members. The more developed associated countries are already at the level of EU-members. The commodity orientation is connected highly with the competitiveness and level of development of the whole economy and the shares of sophisticated product in exports reflect it. hence the evaluation was concerned on the manufactured goods, SITC group 7-Machinery and transport equipment and the high-technology intensive products. From viewpoint of commodity structure the countries joining EU in 1995 are the most successful. They are closely followed by the other EU-members. The new EU-members of 2004 are lagged, the lag is getting wider with the rise of technology intensity. Only the Czech Republic and hungary are able to compete with the older EU-members. The commodity convergence of EU countries is runs very dynamically in new members, the shares of other EU countries are almost constant. The results of intra-industry trade also reflect the lag in competitiveness of economies under transition. The transition countries are very heterogeneous in the intra-industry trade as well. The internal structure of transition countries is similar to result obtained when assessing the commodity structure.foreign trade, convergence, European Union, EU-enlargement Ročník LIII 19 Číslo 3, 2005 195
Abstract:The convergence in household consumption expenditure contributes to the aims defined in the Treaty of the European Union. Consumption expenditure convergence also restricts the impacts of asymmetric shocks under the bounded inner market mobility of goods, services and sources. The paper concentrates on convergence level and dynamics of consumption expenditures between the EU member and acceding countries in years [1995][1996][1997][1998][1999][2000][2001][2002]. There are significant differences in absolute values of convergence expenditures, in prices levels of consumption goods and consumption structures among the groups of countries in year 1995. During the eight years the gap became smaller measured by the structure and absolute level of expenditures recalculated on purchasing power parity. Panel data analysis of food share in consumption disclosed the influence of total consumption expenditures while the impact of relative price of commodity is ambiguous.
High efficiency of foreign trade is achieved in export of the commodities that are not only price competitive. The hightechnology manufactures usually have the highest value added. The same is true for high-value agricultural products. The article concentrates on the comparison of exports of the Czech economy and other selected transition economies of Central Europe with economies of the European Union members, the United States and Japan using the coefficient of transformation output and the relative specialisation ratio on high-technology intensive commodities and high-value agricultural products. We can conclude that the efficiency gap of Czech economy and of the selected economies of Central Europe increased in the first half of the nineties. The trends of the second half of the nineties are quite different. The gap in efficiency of foreign trade is slowly decreasing and the analysed transition economies overcame the weakest economies of the EU members.Key words: international trade, foreign trade, competitiveness, high-technology trade, agricultural trade Abstrakt: Vysoké výkonnosti zahranièního obchodu je dosahováno u komodit, které nejsou konkurenceschopné pouze cenou. Nejvyích pøidaných hodnot se obvykle docílí u komodit vysoce nároèných na pièkové technologie. Pøíspìvek se zamìøuje na komparaci pozice èeské ekonomiky a dalích vybraných transitivních ekonomik støední Evropy s ekonomikami èlenských zemí Evropské unie, Spojených státù amerických a Japonska za vyuití koeficientu transformaèního výkonu a relativní míry specializace na technologicky nároèné produkty a na zemìdìlské produkty s vyí pøidanou hodnotou. Z pohledu vývoje obou ukazatelù lze konstatovat, e se mezera ve výkonnosti ekonomiky Èeské republiky a dalích sledovaných transitivních ekonomik v první polovinì devadesátých let zvýila. Druhá polovina devadesátých let je obdobím zcela odliného vývoje, ve kterém dochází k sniování mezery ve výkonnosti zahranièního obchodu sledovaných ekonomik a pøedstiení ekonomicky nejslabích zemí Evropské unie.Klíèová slova: mezinárodní obchod, zahranièní obchod, konkurenceschopnost, technologicky nároèné produkty, zemìdìlský obchod This article is the result of research supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic number 402/03/P130 Selected aspect of position of the Czech Republic in international trade, that relate to research CEZ: J08/98/431100007 Forming of the structure of agriculture and food industry and trends in behaviour of entrepreneurial subjects within the process of the CR integration into the EU
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