This research advances the hypothesis and establishes empirically that interpersonal population diversity, rather than fractionalization or polarization across ethnic groups, has been pivotal to the emergence, prevalence, recurrence, and severity of intrasocietal conflicts. Exploiting an exogenous source of variations in population diversity across nations and ethnic groups, as determined predominantly during the exodus of humans from Africa tens of thousands of years ago, the study demonstrates that population diversity, and its impact on the degree of diversity within ethnic groups, has contributed significantly to the risk and intensity of historical and contemporary civil conflicts. The findings arguably reflect the contribution of population diversity to the non‐cohesiveness of society, as reflected partly in the prevalence of mistrust, the divergence in preferences for public goods and redistributive policies, and the degree of fractionalization and polarization across ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups.
G laucoma is the second most common irreversible cause of blindness worldwide.1 It is becoming increasingly important in the context of an aging world population.1,2 It possesses a considerable challenge to public health because blindness and visual impairment is costly and have a huge impact on life quality. 3 Raised intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the only successful treatable factor to reduce the progression of glaucoma. Yet, glaucoma is multifactorial, and the understanding of the pathology is incomplete. More than 2 decades ago, the first study to suggest that blood pressure (BP) should be considered in glaucoma treatment was published. 4 Since then, the impact of BP on glaucoma has received greater attention as more evidence has mounted. [5][6][7] Despite the increasing evidence of an association between BP and glaucoma, the exact relationship is complex. In this matter, epidemiological and case-control studies have shown diverse results, and some studies have presented evidence of a correlation between high BP and glaucoma, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] whereas other studies have linked glaucoma and low-tension glaucoma with low BP.12-17 The controversies have been discussed and related to the complexity of BP not only influencing IOP and ocular perfusion pressure, but also increasing the risk of compromised peripheral vascular capacity and a dysfunctional autoregulation. 5,[17][18][19] Recognized high BP is treated with many different antihypertensive medications, and growing evidence acknowledges that such treatment is associated with glaucoma. [20][21][22] In this matter, antihypertensive medication may conflict with ocular perfusion and autoregulation. 20,23 Although studies have shown a correlation between antihypertensive treatment and glaucoma, these studies have mostly been trials in small numbers of patients with minimal follow-up periods. 1,14,24 Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has benefited from a complete data sample from an entire population norimportantly-estimated the causal effect of antihypertensive treatment on the risk of developing glaucoma.The main outcome in our study is the treatment for glaucoma. We hypothesized, before embarking on the empirical analysis, that treatment with antihypertensive medication could have an ambiguous effect on the development Abstract-The aim was to investigate the impact of antihypertensive medication on the onset of glaucoma. Data from the complete Danish population between 40 and 95 years of age were used in the period from 1996 to 2012, covering >2.6 million individuals. The National Danish Registry of Medicinal Products Statistics was used to identify all claimed prescriptions for glaucoma medication and antihypertensive drugs. We first investigated basic correlations in the data and found that patients treated with antihypertensive medication, at any time during the study period, had a significantly higher overall relative risk (RR) of glaucoma, even when controlling for age and sex (with a RR of 1.31 and P<0.0001). Furthermor...
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