The structures of two major phosphoglycolipids from the thermophilic bacteria Thermus oshimai NTU-063, Thermus thermophilus NTU-077, Meiothermus ruber NTU-124, and Meiothermus taiwanensis NTU-220 were determined using spectroscopic and chemical analyses to be 29-O-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho) -39-O-(a-N-acetyl-glucosaminyl)-N-glyceroyl alkylamine [PGL1 (1)] and the novel structure (2) is the first phosphoglycolipid identified with a 2-acylalkyldio-1-Ophosphate moiety. The fatty acids of the phosphoglycolipids are mainly iso-C 15:0 , -C 16:0 , and -C 17:0 and anteiso-C 15:0 and -C 17:0 . The ratios of PGL2 (2) to PGL1 (1) are significantly altered when grown at different temperatures for three strains, T. thermophilus NTU-077, M. ruber NTU-124, and M. taiwanensis NTU-220, but not for T. oshimai NTU-063. Accordingly, the ratios of iso-to anteiso-branched fatty acids increase when grown at the higher temperature. Supplementary key words nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectroscopy . capillary electrophoresis-mass spectroscopy . tandem mass spectrometry . Thermus oshimai NTU-063 . Thermus thermophilus NTU-077 . Meiothermus ruber NTU-124 . Meiothermus taiwanensis NTU-220Bacteria have evolved interesting thermoadaptive mechanisms, including changes in their membranes (1). For example, when Escherichia coli, Thermus aquaticus, Candida species, thermophilic Bacillus species, and Staphylococcus aureus are grown at high temperatures, the proportion of branched-chain fatty acids increases and the proportions of monoenoic and heptanoic fatty acids decrease (2). Temperature affects both the chain length and the degree of saturation of fatty acid components in Synechococcus species (3, 4). Polar lipid fatty acids can be used as a biochemical marker because many of the lipids of thermophilic bacteria isolated from microbial mats in hot springs have unique diol, plasmalogen, monoether, and diether structures (5).Thermus and Meiothermus species are Gram-negative thermophilic rods isolated from thermal hot springs, industrial and domestic water traps, and hydrothermal vents with neutral to alkaline pH (6). In these species, polar lipids occupy a large proportion of the cellular membrane fractions and usually include a major phospholipid, a major glycolipid, and minor phospholipids and glycolipids (7,8). The glycolipids usually contain three hexoses, one N-hexosamine, and one glycerol (6, 9-13). The hydrophobic parts are predominantly iso-and anteiso-branched fatty acids; straight-chain fatty acids are minor components. The high proportion of glycolipids in the cell membranes could possibly contribute to the ability of the bacteria to grow at high temperatures, because the relative proportions of the major glycolipids increase concomitantly with the growth temperature (14, 15).Thermus and Meiothermus species have been reported to have phosphoglycolipids (16) Abbreviations: CE-MS, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectroscopy; DQF-COSY, double quantum filtered-c...
Meiothermus taiwanensis sp. nov., a novel filamentous, thermophilic species isolated in Taiwan
The authors determined fungi concentrations and genera from onion fields located in monsoon and nonmonsoon areas of Taiwan, as well as concentrations from a county housing location, which served as the comparison site. The authors explored the relationship(s) among onion harvesting, monsoon characteristics, airborne fungal levels, and mycotic eye infection. Airborne fungal levels in the onion field in the nonmonsoon area were the highest, followed by decreasing levels in the monsoon area and control sites, regardless of the sampling periods. The geometric mean of airborne fungal concentrations was the highest during onion harvesting. Cladosporium was the most dominant fungus during pre- and postharvest seasons, whereas Aspergillus, Fusraium, Acremonium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Monilia, Mycelia, and Rhizopus were increased significantly during harvesting. Although fungal concentrations in monsoon onion fields were lower than concentrations measured in the nonmonsoon area, the invasion of dangerous fungal pathogens following eye trauma by airborne sharp exotics (e.g., onion flakes) dispersed in high wind may account for the increase in corneal ulcer cases that occur in the monsoon area.
Intravascular lymphomatosis (IL) is an unusual neoplasm characterized by multifocal proliferation of lymphoma cells exclusively within the blood vessels. We report here a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma. A 233-bp amplification product of HHV-8 was detected in the DNA extracted from specimens of Kaposi's sarcoma at different sites by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). At autopsy, the vessels within the Kaposi's sarcoma were dilated and filled with atypical large mononuclear cells. No such feature was seen in the vessels of non-Kaposi's sarcomatous regions. Immunohistochemically, the spindle cells of Kaposi's sarcoma were positive for CD31 (endothelial cell marker). The intravascular tumor cells were positive for CD45 (leukocyte common antigen) but negative for others, including chloroacetate esterase, CD45-RO (UCHL-1, Pan-T), CD3, CD43, CD20 (L26, Pan-B), CD30 (Ki-1), immunoglobulin heavy chains and light chains, CD56 (natural killer cell antigen), and CD31. Monoclonal rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene was detected in the DNA extracts from fresh tissue of Kaposi's sarcoma by PCR, which indicated that the lymphoma cells within the Kaposi's sarcoma were of monoclonal B cell origin. In situ hybridization revealed that EBER-1 transcripts were present in the lymphoma cells of IL but not in the spindle cells of Kaposi's sarcoma. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first instance of IL in an AIDS patient with direct evidence of EBV association.
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