Latin America is emerging from a century of transformation – from a traditional agrarian to an urban industrial economy – where countries have taken diverse historical paths. Some have almost completed this transformation, others are taking early steps, and most are living through it. State‐led transition has followed two successive development strategies. From the 1920s to the 1980s, state developmentalism, for the most part, successfully assumed the twin challenges of economic and social progress. In the final decades of the century, Latin American states adopted the policies of the Washington consensus, which emphasized the importance of business in the framework of globalization, benefiting the affluent few. However, an unambiguous shift in direction has been taking place in Latin America since the 1997 economic crisis. This article suggests that a new developmental welfare state model is in the making. How will it evolve over the wider space of an increasingly integrated Latin America?
Os objetivos deste ensaio são principalmente metodológicos. Ele aponta princípios, parâmetros e um arcabouço analítico que consideramos interessante para os estudos de políticas sociais e de desenvolvimento na América Latina - particularmente, sobre as distintas estratégias de desenvolvimento e a evolução do Estado de Bem Estar Social na região. A América Latina está emergindo de um século de transformação - de uma economia tradicional agrária para uma urbano-industrial - em que os países assumiram diferentes trajetórias históricas. A transição conduzida pelo Estado seguiu duas estratégias sucessivas de desenvolvimento. Dos anos 1920 até a década de 1980, o desenvolvimentismo estatal assumiu, em geral com sucesso, o duplo desafio do progresso social e econômico. Nas duas últimas décadas do século, os estados latino-americanos adotaram as políticas do Consenso de Washington, que enfatizavam a importância das empresas no marco da globalização e beneficiavam aquelas poucas exitosas. Quais eram as características e funções do Estado de Bem Estar Social nas duas estratégias de desenvolvimento? O artigo sugere que, para reduzir as condições sociais e econômicas extremamente heterogêneas na região, é indispensável fixar os distintos pontos de partida e as diferentes trajetórias de desenvolvimento perseguidas por grupos de países em busca da modernidade. Sugere, também, que as duas estratégias de desenvolvimento, longe de anularem-se, constituem uma base para a emergência da próxima. Assim, o esgotamento da estratégia liberal abre caminho, não para o retorno à estratégia desenvolvimentista, mas, antes, para a emergência de outra, que irá estabelecer novas bases para o desenvolvimento, as políticas sociais e a democracia.
Abstracts pol_666 328..346In the new development strategy currently shaping Latin America, alternative social policy models have emerged. This article argues that far from being rival alternatives, each of these models considers the wide differences among countries. The region is emerging from a century of transformation -from a traditional agrarian economy to an urban industrial one -in which countries have taken diverse historical paths. Some have almost completed this transformation, others are taking early steps, and the vast majority are living through it. State-led transition has followed two successive development strategies. From the 1920s up to the 1980s, state developmentalism has mostly successfully assumed the twin challenges of economic and social progress. In the last two decades of the century, Latin American states adopted the policies of the Washington Consensus, which emphasized the importance of business in the framework of globalization and benefited the affluent few. However, an unambiguous shift in direction has been taking place in Latin America since the 1997 economic crisis. This article suggests that a new developmental welfare state model seems to be in the making. How will it evolve over the wider space of an increasingly integrated Latin America?
Resumen.
El Estado modernizó el modelo social chileno siguiendo dos estrategias: el desarrollismo (1924–1973) y el llamado «Consenso de Washington» (1973–2008). Durante el primer período, el Estado impulsa las políticas sociales universales y la reforma agraria, aparte de construir la infraestructura económica e institucional. Tras el golpe de 1973 se desmantelan servicios públicos y se reprime el movimiento laboral. El rumbo se modera tras el fin de la dictadura en 1990, pero perdura la resistencia a la regulación estatal y el desequilibrio en perjuicio del trabajador. El modelo está cambiando ahora debido a la democratización y a la crisis mundial.
Abstract.
Chile modernized its social model in two stages characterized by different strategies: developmentalism (1924–73) and the Washington Consensus (1973–2008). In the first stage, the State pursued both social policies of universal coverage and land reform, while also building up the country's economic and institutional infrastructure. After the 1973 military coup, some public services were dismantled and privatized, and the labour movement was suppressed. Since the end of the dictatorship in 1990, resistance to state regulation and an anti‐labour bias have persisted, albeit to a diminishing degree due to advances in democratization and, latterly, the current world economic crisis.
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