SUMMARY Childbirth was traditionally developed within the family environment which means where the parturient (the pregnant woman) lived her experience, personal and transferable together with her close relatives: mother, girl friends, being attended by a 'professional' -another woman or midwife well considered and recognized as such socially as professionally.In our country, up to the latest period of XX century, midwifes were professionals in charge of attention to women in their reproductive cycle at their own homes, focussing primarily in the pregnancy, childbirth and post-partum periods. Midwifes were very much considered and well regarded women in affective and technical-scientific fields, capable of solving vital, difficult and in some cases dramatic situations with no other means than their own experience, their own skilfulness and knowledge. With new economic developments, in the sixties, in XX century and new health concepts, a fundamental change in childbearing takes place, no more faced or approached domestically, in family environments but in specialized health institutions with all the implied impacts.Important changes equally affecting the mother and her attending personnel occur, now medical doctors and specially trained midwifes would attend her. As a result the traditional ancient midwifes see their roles, functions and autonomy limited.At present, we are facing new ways of 'thinking andregarding' childbearing with new attitudes in professionals who attend them, as well as governments who design new health policies. HISTÓRIA DA ARTE DOS PARTOS NO ÂMBITO FAMILIAR RESUMOO parto tem-se desenvolvido tradicionalmente no âmbito familiar, um meio no qual a parturiente tem vivido sua experiência pessoal e intransferível, em companhia de seus familiares mais próximos, mãe e amigas, sendo assistida por uma profissional, outra mulher, a parteira ou matrona, conhecida e reconhecida, tanto social quanto profissionalmente. O nosso país, até praticamente o último terço do passado século XX, as parteiras/matronas têm sido as profissionais encarregadas de atender à mulher durante seu ciclo reprodutiva em seu domicílio, centrando-se fundamentalmente na gravidez, parto e puerpério. Eram elas, matronas, mulheres apreciadas e valorizadas no campo afetivo e no técnico-científico, pois capazes de resolver situações vitais e comprometidas, em algum caso, dramáticas, contando apenas com sua própria experiência, perícia e conheci-
The midwife has traditionally been developing his practice over the centuries in the field of reproductive health of women developing care, teaching, expertise, religious functions and as an adviser in this matter. Despite being an occupation or trade as old as humanity itself, as recorded is in countless testimonies written and iconographic, are relatively rare research work carried out on this profession in late medieval and early modern age. We intend as a central objective of this paper show and analyze some documentary sources dated between the 15th and 18th centuries that provide a rich information about the daily work of these professionals, since its formation until the tasks that were usually: meet delivery, care during pregnancy and puerperium, give advice to women in all matters relating to their sexuality, even engaged in practices not legal as it was the practice of abortion, all of which made him a frequent object of suspicion by the Court of the Holy Office of the Inquisition. are three sources that are analysed: a public letter from birth, a pastoral visit, specifically made to the Sevillian town of Mairena del Alcor, and a process or auto de Fé against a Mexican midwife.
Quizás el Hombre esté en las últimas décadas tan deslumbrado con sus avances tecnológicos que va perdiendo la noción de "ser persona" y de su componente espiritual, que es en el fondo el que da equilibrio a la existencia humana y posibilita el alcance de más elevadas cotas de libertad y realización personal.Olvidamos con demasiada frecuencia que detrás del espejo hay una realidad cuyas formas se transforman, cuyas líneas se tuercen y cuyo sentido no responde necesariamente a nuestra percepción de las cosas. Probablemente por ello, la sociedad occidental sufra en las décadas que se avecinan profundas crisis de identidad que le acerquen más al colapso que a la felicidad que se nos promete.En torno a 1580, un enfermero castellano, Bernardino de Obregón, fundaba en el Hospital General de Madrid una escuela. En ella se impartía a los niños huérfanos y abandonados de la ciudad una formación elemental en escritura, lectura, aritmética y, lo que era más necesario de todo, se enseñaba a ser personas. Ello abría las puertas a un futuro más esperanzador a quienes nada tenían y poco podían esperar de una sociedad que desde su nacimiento les había condenado a ser despreciados y despreciables. Con esta escuela, Bernardino pretendía, ante todo y sobre todo, devolverles su "dignidad humana".Nosotros nos resistimos a ignorar estos hechos; a desconocer el esfuerzo de cuantos profesionales nos han antecedido y han intentado mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas con las que vivieron y compartieron su existencia. Nos negamos rotundamente a perder la experiencia acumulada durante siglos por la Humanidad; saberes que conforman los pilares de nuestra civilización y nuestra realización como especie, para sumergirnos en una amnesia que aniquile la memoria de nuestros abuelos. Queremos avanzar sosteniendo un gigantesco espejo frente a nosotros que nos muestre lo que atrás hemos dejado y sobre lo que hemos cimentado nuestro ser como personas y como profesionales. Obviar esto es condenarnos a nosotros mismos a la más terrible de las cegueras.Y este posicionamiento se hace más necesario declararlo en voz alta ahora, que estamos viviendo momentos históricos, quizás irrepetibles en muchos años. Se nos brinda la oportunidad de construir un nuevo marco de formación y profesionalización que rebasa las fronteras estatales y procura responder a las necesidades que tiene planteado el recientemente constituido espacio europeo. Y
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