Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus and C. fetus subsp. venerealis are currently differentiated by tolerance to glycine and by their epidemiology. Analysis of C. fetus DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, after digestion with the restriction endonucleases S m d and SaA, was used to differentiate between the subspecies. All strains presently identified as C. fetus subsp. fetus had a genomic size of 1.1 Mb, whereas the majority of the C. fetus subsp. venerealis strains had a genomic size of 1.3 Mb. An additional group of strains, which were previously described as C. fetus subsp. venereaZis biovar "intermedius" and were able to tolerate higher concentrations of glycine than the rest of the C. fetus subsp. venerealis strains, had an average genome size of 1.5 Mb. We suggest that pulsed-field gel electrophoresis may be useful as an additional aid in the differentiation of C. fetus strains at the subspecies level.Strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus are associated with abortion in sheep and cattle (23)(24)(25)(26). Human infections, which include bacteremia and other systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised patients, have been reported previously (4). The virulence of C. fetus subsp. fetus has been attributed to the presence of an S layer, composed of a protein with a subunit molecular mass of 97 to 149 kDa (5,18,30). In contrast, strains of C. fetus subsp. venerealis have adapted to the bovine genital tract (bovine vibriosis) (23) and are of major concern to the cattle industry due to their ability to cause infertility of cows inseminated with contaminated bull semen (21). Human infections due to C. fetus subsp. venerealis have not been reported (14). Attempts to differentiate between the two subspecies on the basis of fluorescent-antibody assay (17), fatty acid contents (6), and DNA-DNA homology studies (3) have not been successful. Moreover, the ability of the strains to produce H,S or to grow on media containing sodium selenite has also been examined, but the results were difficult to interpret (29). The degree of tolerance to glycine and the epidemiology of the organisms are the two main methods currently available for differentiation.The aim of this study was to assess the use of genomic sizing with the aid of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to differentiate strains of C. fetus at the subspecies level. MATERIALS AND METHODSCulture method for C. fetus. The sources and characteristics of the C. fetus strains are shown in Table 1. Cultures were stored in 20% glycerol (BDH, Toronto, Canada) in peptone broth (Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, United Kingdom) at -70°C. When required, the culture broths were thawed and streaked on plates of brain heart infusion agar (Oxoid Ltd.) containing 5% whole defibrinated horse blood (Gibmar Laboratories, Edmonton, Canada). The plates were incubated under microaerobic conditions (10% CO,, 10% H,, 80% N,) at 37°C for up to 72 h. Although all strains have been identified by their original suppliers, their ability to grow at 25"C, microscopic morphology, and oxid...

Campylobacter fetus strains possess regular paracrystalline surface layers (S-layers) composed of high-molecular-weight proteins and can change the size and crystalline structure of the predominant protein expressed. Polyclonal antisera demonstrate antigenic cross-reactivity among these proteins but suggest differences in epitopes. Monoclonal antibodies to the 97-kDa S-layer protein of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus strain 82-40LP showed three different reactivities. Monoclonal antibody 1D1 recognized 97-kDa S-layer proteins from all C. fetus strains studied; reactivity of monoclonal antibody 6E4 was similar except for epitopes in S-layer proteins from reptile strains and strains with type B lipopolysaccharide. Monoclonal antibody 2E11 only recognized epitopes on S-layer proteins from strains with type A lipopolysaccharide regardless of size. In vitro shift from a 97-kDa S-layer protein to a 127-kDa S-layer protein resulted in different reactivity, indicating that size change was accompanied by antigenic variation. To examine in vivo variation, heifers were genetically challenged with Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis strains and the S-layer proteins from sequential isolates were characterized. Analysis with monoclonal antibodies showed that antigenic reactivities of the S-layer proteins were varied, indicating that these proteins represent a system for antigenic variation.

BackgroundSince 2009, the incidence of human leishmaniosis in the SW of the Madrid region has been unusually high. Although dogs are the main reservoir for this disease, a role played by dogs in this outbreak has been ruled out and investigators are now considering other hosts (eg. cats, rabbits, hares) as possible alternative reservoirs.This study was designed to examine the Leishmania infantum status of stray cats in Madrid to assess its possible implications in the human leishmaniosis outbreak.Methods346 captured stray cats were tested for antibodies against L. infantum by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) and nested-PCR methods were used to detect Leishmania DNA in blood samples of cats testing seropositive for L. infantum and/or retroviruses infection. Cats were also tested for Toxoplasma gondii using the direct agglutination test (DAT) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibodies (PetChek* FIV/FeLV). The presence of intestinal parasites was determined using a routine coprological method.ResultsThe seroprevalence of L. infantum infection (cut off ≥ 1/100) was 3.2% (11/346). However, it was not possible to amplify Leishmania DNA in any of the blood samples. Seropositivity was not associated with sex, age, capture site, clinical status, retrovirus infection or T. gondii seropositivity. Of the 11 cats seropositive for L. infantum, 3 also tested positive for FIV, none for FeLV and 6 for T. gondii. It should be mentioned that the prevalence of FeLV p27 antigen was 4% and of FIV antibody was 9.2%. Although the seroprevalence of T. gondii was quite high at 53.5%, no T. gondii oocysts were found in any of the faeces samples analysed (n = 287). In contrast, intestinal parasites were detected in 76 (26.5%) samples, Toxocara cati being the most prevalent.ConclusionsOur results suggest a stable L. infantum infection situation among the stray cats of the Madrid area; the disease is uncommon and no clinical cases have been reported to date. The detection of other zoonotic parasites such as T. gondii and T. cati in stray cats indicates a need to adopt strict control measures in this population.

Cats are definitive hosts and reservoirs for several parasites, some of which are responsible for serious zoonotic diseases. We conducted a case-control study of data from a trap-neuter-return (TNR) programme (years 2014-2017) designed to examine the prevalence of zoonotic parasites in free-roaming cats living in urban areas of central Spain. In the animal population tested (n = 263), we detected a 29.2% prevalence of endoparasites, including high rates of cestodes (12.9%) and Toxocara cati (11.7%). While faecal samples showed no Toxoplasma gondii oocysts, the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 24.2%. Antibodies to Leishmania infantum were detected in 4.8% of the animals, though all skin and blood samples analyzed were PCR negative for this parasite. Ectoparasites (ticks and fleas) were found in 4.6% of the cat population, and 10.6% of the cats were detected with Otodectes cynotis. Finally, 6.3% and 7.9% cats tested positive for feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus, respectively. Our study provides useful information for animal-welfare and public-health, as the parasites detected can affect native wild animals through predation, competition and disease transmission. Our detection of zoonotic parasites such as L. infantum, T. gondii, T. cati, Giardia duodenalis and several ectoparasites prompts an urgent need for health control measures in stray cats.

A total of 525 specimens from 100 slaughter beef cattle were examined for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by direct plating and enrichment techniques. Isolates were identified by cultural, biochemical, antibiotic sensitivity, and immunofluorescence tests and further characterized with the aid of recently developed biotyping and serotyping methods. Fifty animals were positive for C. jejuni; only one was positive for C. coli. The distribution pattern of C. jejuni-positive animals, in decreasing order, was steers (55%), bulls (40%), heifers (40%), and cows (22%). Significantly higher isolation rates were obtained from the gall bladders (33%), large intestines (35%), and simall intestines (31%) than from the livers (12%) or the lymph nodes (1.4%). C. jejuni isolation by the enrichment technique was 40.2% more frequent than by direct plating; 24-h enrichment resulted in 24% more isolations than 48-h enrichment. Eighty-four of 105 C. jejuni cultures were typable serologically and represented 13 serogroups. Biotype I accounted for 71% of biotyped cultures. Serogroup 7 biotype I was the most commonly encountered (24%) isolate. About one in three positive animals had C. jejuni strains representing more than one serogroup. C. jejuni serogroups encountered in slaughter cattle were similar to those commonly isolated from human sources.

Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis isolated from a case of human vaginosis was inoculated into the uterus of a C. fetus-negative heifer. Isolates obtained weekly from the vaginal mucus exhibited variations in highmolecular-mass-protein profiles from that of the original inoculum, which had a dominant 110-kDa S-layer protein. Immunoblots of the weekly isolates with monoclonal antibody probes against the 110-kDa S-layer protein and other C. fetus S-layer proteins demonstrated antigenic shifts. Genomic digests of the isolates probed with a 75-mer oligonucleotide of the conserved sapA region also indicated that antigenic variation of the S-layer is accompanied by DNA rearrangement.

A national surveillance program was undertaken in Canada to establish the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella and thermophilic Campylobacter biotypes in slaughter animals and poultry. During the years 1983 to 1986, samples were collected from federally inspected abbatoirs across Canada and tested at regional laboratories. The laboratory isolation procedure for thermophilic Campylobacter included selective enrichment and isolates were characterized according to Lior's biotyping scheme. Salmonella were isolated from 17.5% pork, 2.6% beef and 4.1% veal carcasses. Thermophilic Campylobacter were isolated from 16.9% pork, 22.6% beef and 43.1% veal carcasses. Salmonella were isolated from 69.1 % turkey and 60.9% chicken carcasses, and thermophilic Campylobacter were isolated from 73.7% and 38.2% turkey and chicken carcasses, respectively. Salmonella typhimurium was the most frequently isolated serotype, and predominant in broiler chickens from 1983 to 1985. Salmonella brandenburg was predominant in pork, and Salmonella schwarzengrund was the primary serotype from turkey carcasses. Campylobacter jejuni biotypes I and II were the most frequently isolated biotypes from beef, veal and poultry. Although Campylobacter coli biotype I was the predominant thermophilic Campylobacter in pork, 41.1% of the biotyped isolates from pork were C. jejuni biotypes I and II.

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