Based on a multidimensional definition of academic expectations (AEs), the authors examine students' AE component scores across countries and genders. Two samples (343 Portuguese and 358 Spanish students) completed the Academic Perceptions Questionnaire (APQ) six months after enrolling in their universities. Factorial invariance was ensured across countries and genders, allowing us to study AEs using the APQ for both genders and in both countries. No significant differences in factor means were found between countries, indicating that AEs are not an obstacle to student mobility. Gender differences were found in some AE factor means, Training for employment, Personal and social development, Student mobility, Political engagement and citizenship, and Social pressure, with males exhibiting higher scores. Because these differences are not supported by most literature in this domain, further studies are needed to clarify the causes of women's lower expectations and, therefore, risk of adaptation difficulties.

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We examined the relationships among gender, planning, and academic expectations through the testing of two alternative models with latent variables tested with LISREL 8.80: one model considered planning as a mediator of the relationship between gender and academic expectations, and the other model considered academic expectations as mediators of the relationship between gender and planning. Participants were 662 first-year higher-education students from two academic years, predominantly female (60%) and mainly with majors in the juridical-social field (66.2%). The Inventario sobre Estrategias Metacognitivas (IEM; Inventory of Metacognitive Strategies) and the Academic Perceptions Questionnaire (APQ) were applied at the beginning of the first semester to assess planning and academic expectations, respectively. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the IEM’s structure after examining its psychometric properties with the sample from the first academic year (N = 338). The test of the alternative mediation models with the full sample indicates that the best model was that with planning as a mediator. In this model, gender directly predicted only two APQ academic expectations, but with the mediation of planning, gender predicted all seven academic expectations. Women showed higher levels of academic expectations and planning than did men. The results are discussed at both the theoretical and practical levels.

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El objetivo del estudio era cuantificar los diferentes tipos de violencia escolar que se llevan a cabo en centros de primaria y secundaria, así como analizar si las variables socio-escolares determinan y predicen su desarrollo en estudiantes. Se llevó a cabo una investigación no experimental, descriptiva, inferencial y de regresión. La muestra, intencional y estratificada, fue de 1139 participantes [423 alumnos de primaria (M = 10.56; DT = .67) y 716 alumnos de secundaria (M = 14.09; DT = 1.22)], a los cuales se administra un cuestionario de violencia escolar CUVE-R. Los resultados evidenciaron que ambas etapas educativas señalan una mayor presencia de violencia verbal, violencia que ejerce el profesorado y violencia física, sin embargo, dichas conductas violentas eran más frecuentes en la etapa de educación secundaria obligatoria. Asimismo, se constatan diferencias significativas en sexo (mayor presencia de violencia del profesorado o exclusión social en los hombres, y violencia verbal o disrupción en las mujeres), edad (a mayor edad se incrementan los tipos de violencia escolar), etapa educativa (mayor aparición de violencia escolar en la etapa de educación secundaria obligatoria) y expediente académico (se incrementa la violencia escolar en el alumnado cuando son bajos expedientes académicos).

This investigation analyzed the relation between cognitive functioning and mathematical achievement in 114 students in fourth, fifth, and sixth grades. Differences in cognitive performance were studied concurrently in three selected achievement groups: mathematical learning disability group (MLD), low achieving group (LA), and typically achieving group (TA). For this purpose, performance in verbal memory and in the PASS cognitive processes of planning, attention, and simultaneous and successive processing was assessed at the end of the academic course. Correlational analyses showed that phonological loop and successive and simultaneous processing were related to mathematical achievement at all three grades. Regression analysis revealed simultaneous processing as a cognitive predictor of mathematical performance, although phonological loop was also associated with higher achievement. Simultaneous and successive processing were the elements that differentiated the MLD group from the LA group. These results show that, of all the variables analyzed in this study, simultaneous processing was the best predictor of mathematical performance.

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RESUMENEsta investigación analizó la contribución del funcionamiento cognitivo a la resolución de problemas aritméticos en niños con trastorno con déficit de atención y/o hiperactividad (TDAH) y con dificultades de aprendizaje en las matemáticas (DAM). Método: La muestra se formó por un total de 60 alumnos de 4º, 5º y 6º grado organizados en dos grupos: TDAH (n = 30) y DAM (n = 30). La evaluación se llevó a cabo en dos sesiones en las que se evaluaron los procesos PASS y la resolución de problemas aritméticos. Los procesos ejecutivos fueron predictores de la resolución de problemas en el grupo con TDAH mientras el simultáneo resultó el único predictor en la muestra con DAM.Palabras clave: trastorno con déficit de atención y/o hiperactividad, dificultades de aprendizaje en las matemáticas, resolución de problemas aritméticos, procesos cognitivos. ABSTRACTArithmetic problem solving in studentes with learning disabilities and adhd In this investigation, the contribution of cognitive functioning to arithmetic problem solving of children with attention deficit and/or hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and with mathematical learning disabilities (MLD) were examined. The sample was made up of a total of 60 students of 4th, 5th, and 6th grade organized in two groups: ADHD (n = 30) and MLD (n = 30). . Assessment was conducted in two sessions in which the PASS processes and arithmetic problem solving were evaluated. Executive processes predicted arithmetic problem solving in the ADHD group whereas simultaneous processing was the unique predictor in the MLD sample.