Forty-two healthy men and women were subjected to four consecutive dietary periods differing in the fat content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6) [PUFA(n-6)] and (n-3) [PUFA(n-3)]. Plasma lipids, vitamin E, and in vitro LDL oxidation were examined during each period. Adhesion of human monocytes to cultured human endothelial cells was used as a functional test to identify differences in the biological properties of LDL from each dietary period. Consumption of an SFA-rich diet resulted in higher LDL cholesterol (4.06 +/- 0.85 mmol/L, P < .05) than did consumption of MUFA- (3.59 +/- 0.75 mmol/L), PUFA(n-6)- (3.44 +/- 0.77 mmol/L), or PUFA(n-3)- (3.31 +/- 0.8 mmol/L) rich diets. HDL cholesterol was lower during both PUFA-rich diets (1.24 +/- 0.28 and 1.27 +/- 0.28 mmol/L for n-6 and n-3, respectively) than during the SFA-(1.32 +/- 0.36 mmol/L) and MUFA- (1.32 +/- 0.34 mmol/L) rich diets. LDL resistance to copper-induced oxidation, expressed as lag time, was highest during the MUFA-rich diet (55.1 +/- 7.3 minutes) and lowest during the PUFA(n-3)- (45.3 +/- 7 minutes) and SFA- (45.3 +/- 6.4 minutes) rich diets. LDL induction of monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells was lower during the MUFA-rich diet than the other periods. The highest monocyte adhesion was obtained during the PUFA(n-3) and SFA dietary periods. In conclusion, an MUFA-rich diet benefits plasma lipid levels compared with an SFA-rich diet. Furthermore, this diet results in an increased resistance of LDL to oxidation and a lower rate of monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells than the other dietary fats examined.
The present study tests the hypothesis that higher consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt is associated with higher intake of energy, saturated fats, sugars and worse overall diet quality among Spanish children. This is a cross-sectional study covering 1112 children aged 6.0-7.0 years in four Spanish cities. Nutrient and food intake were obtained through a food-frequency questionnaire, and overall diet quality calculated using the healthyeating index (HEI) developed by Kennedy et al. (1995). Standardized methods were used to measure anthropometric variables. Associations of interest were summarized as the difference in nutrient and food consumption between the value of the fifth and the first quintile of consumption (dq) of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks or yogurt, adjusted for energy intake and BMI. Bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt supplied 15·5, 1·0 and 5·6 % energy intake respectively. Higher consumption of these three foods was associated with greater energy intake (P, 0·001), but not with higher BMI. Consumption of bakery products was associated with the proportion of energy derived from intake of total carbohydrates (dq 4·5 %, P, 0·001) and sugars (dq 2 %, P, 0·001), but did not show association with the HEI. Consumption of sweetened soft drinks was associated with a lower consumption of milk (dq 2 88 ml, P, 0·001) and Ca (dq 2 175 mg/d, P,0·001), and worse HEI (dq 22, P, 0·01). Consumption of yogurt, while associated with higher energy intake from saturated fats (dq 1·77 %, P, 0·001) and sugars (dq 2·02 %, P,0·001), showed no association with the HEI. Differences in the intake of nutrients and foods across quintiles of consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt were usually very small. We conclude that the impact of the consumption of bakery products, sweetened soft drinks and yogurt on the quality of the diet of Spanish children is only modest, although it may contribute to aggravating certain unhealthy characteristics of their diet, particularly excess energy, saturated fats and sugars. Therefore, consumption of bakery products and sweetened soft drinks should be moderated, and priority given to consumption of low-fat, low-sugar yogurt. Abbreviations: dq, value of the fifth minus the first quintile of consumption; FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; HEI, healthy-eating index.
To determine the effects of dietary fat saturation on plasma lipoproteins, we studied 21 free-living normolipidemic women (13 pre- and 8 postmenopausal) on three consecutive diet periods. During the first 4 wk they consumed a saturated diet rich in palm oil and butter [19% saturated fatty acids (S), 14% monounsaturated fatty acids (M), and 3.5% polyunsaturated fatty acids (P)], followed by 6 wk of a monounsaturated diet rich in olive oil (11% S, 22% M, and 3.6% P), and 6 wk of a polyunsaturated diet rich in sunflower oil (10.7% S, 12.5% M, and 12.8% P). Compared with the diet rich in saturated fatty acids, both diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids had similar lowering effects on total and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I were higher in the monounsaturated-rich period than in the polyunsaturated-rich (10.5% and 12.7% respectively, P less than 0.001) and the saturated-rich period (5.3%, and 7.9%, respectively, P less than 0.05). These effects were independent of menopause status. Our data show that at this level of fat intake (36% as calories), a monounsaturated-rich diet results in a less atherogenic lipid profile than either polyunsaturated- or saturated-rich diets.
The effect of dietary-fat saturation on plasma lipoprotein concentrations was assessed in 46 men and 32 women placed on a diet enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (sunflower oil) for 12 wk and, under isocaloric conditions, on a diet enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids (olive oil) for the next 16 wk in men and 28 wk in women. Fat comprised 37% of the total energy intake in men and 36% in women. At the end of the monounsaturated fatty acid diet no change occurred in total cholesterol (TC) in men but it increased by 9% in women. High-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased by 17% in men and by 30% in women. The atherogenic index (TC:HDL cholesterol) fell significantly in both sexes. No significant changes occurred in plasma low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol or in total triglycerides values. These data show that when compared with polyunsaturates, monounsaturates increased HDL cholesterol and reduced the atherogenic risk profile in both sexes.
Objective: Classic cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking, arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia, cannot explain a substantial part of the geographic differences in cardiovascular mortality. Anthropometric and nutritional factors in early stages of life may contribute to adult cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this work examines certain anthropometric variables and diet among children aged 6 -7 y, living in four Spanish cities with widely differing ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality. Design and setting: Cross-sectional anthropometric and dietary survey in four cities in Spain. Subjects: A total of 1112 children (50.1% males, 49.9% females) attending public and private schools in Cadiz and Murcia, cities with a relatively high IHD mortality, and Madrid and Orense, cities with a relatively low IHD mortality. A standardized method was used to measure anthropometric variables, and a food-frequency questionnaire completed by subjects' mothers, to measure diet. Outcome measures: Body mass index (BMI), overweight (BMI > 17.6 kg=m 2 ), obesity (BMI > 20.1 kg=m 2 ) and intake of food and nutrients. Results: Children in the four cities showed a high prevalence of overweight (range across cities, 28.9 -34.5%) and obesity (8.5 -15.7%). They also had a moderately hypercaloric diet (range, 2078 -2218 kcal=day), marked by an excessive intake of lipids (45.0 -47.3% kcal), particularly saturated fats (16.6 -16.9% kcal), proteins (17.0 -17.3% kcal), sugars (20.0 -21.9% kcal) and cholesterol (161.6 -182.9 mg=1000 kcal=day), and a low intake of complex carbohydrates (17.5 -18.1% kcal) and fibre (19.6 -19.9 g=day). Compared with children in the two low-IHD-mortality cities, those in the two high-IHD-mortality cities had a greater BMI (mean difference, 0.61 kg=m 2 ; P ¼ 0.0001) and ponderal index (0.58 kg=m 3 ; P ¼ 0.0001) and a higher intake of energy (104 kcal=day; P ¼ 0.007), cholesterol (16.00 mg=1000 kcal=day; P ¼ 0.0001) and sodium (321 mg=day; P ¼ 0.0001). Inter-city differences in anthropometric variables remained after adjustment for birthweight. Conclusions: Intake of fats, especially saturated fats, and cholesterol should be reduced among Spanish children. It could contribute to a needed reduction of the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in children. If the differences in anthropometric variables and diet between children from the cities with high and low coronary mortality are maintained in future or continue into adulthood, this could contribute to consolidate or even increase the IHD mortality gradient across cities. The finding that differences in anthropometric variables are independent of birthweight suggests that the childhood, rather than intrauterine environment, is involved in the development of such differences.
Proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plays an important role in atherosclerotic lesion progression. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of diets differing in fatty acid composition on human coronary SMC entry in the cell proliferation cycle. Twenty-four healthy men and women were placed on four consecutive diets lasting 5 weeks each: (1) saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich diet with palm oil; (2) monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet with olive oil; (3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) n-6-rich diet with sunflower oil; and (4) PUFA n-3-rich diet (3.8 g/d). All diets supplied 35% of calories as fat. Compared with the SFA diet, all unsaturated diets reduced LDL cholesterol. Resistance of LDL to oxidative modification was significantly increased during the MUFA period (P < .05). Human coronary SMCs were cultured and induced by sera derived from the different groups. 3H-Thymidine incorporation into doubling DNA was significantly (P < .01) reduced during the MUFA and PUFA n-6 periods but not during the PUFA n-3 diet with respect to the SFA diet. This effect was more pronounced in women than in men. In conclusion, the MUFA-enriched diet reduced SMC DNA synthesis and LDL levels and protected LDL from oxidation. Therefore, these combined effects suggest that an oleic acid-rich Mediterranean diet could be better than PUFA (n-6)- or PUFA (n-3)-rich diets in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Objective: To compare the diet of Spanish children against the nutrient and food intake guidelines. To calculate an index of overall diet quality and check its validity against nutrient intake. Design and setting: Cross-sectional study in four cities in Spain, where information on food and nutrient intake was obtained from schoolchildren through a food frequency questionnaire. Participants: The sample included 1112 children (overall response rate of 85%) attending public and private schools and aged 6-7 y. Children were selected through random cluster sampling in schools, and stratified by sex and socioeconomic level. Main Outcome Measures: Mean nutrient intake, number of food servings, and the percentage of children who meet recommended nutrient and food-serving intake levels. The overall dietary quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Results: Mean micronutrient intake exceeded 100% of the recommended dietary allowances, except for vitamin B6, which registered a mean intake of 77.1%. For almost all children, intake of saturated fat was above, and that of carbohydrate below, the recommended level, in contrast to the relatively high compliance with the recommendations for poly-and monounsaturated fatty acid, salt and fiber intake (69.7, 43.7, 40.7, and 30.1%, respectively). Consumption of food servings for each of the five American pyramid food groups came close to or exceeded USDA guidelines, with the exception of cereals, with 5.4 servings per day. The mean score obtained in the HEI was 64.6. Children who complied with all the food guide pyramid recommendations registered a higher dietary variety and a healthier nutritional profile. Conclusions: Children aged 6-7 y show scant compliance with the macronutrient goals for healthy eating. Micronutrient intake is adequate in general, yet there are small groups of children with risk of deficient intake of vitamins B6 and D. While Spanish children's eating habits are reasonably in line with American food guide pyramid guidelines, consumptions of cereals and fruit should be improved.
The aim of the present study was to assess the principal food sources of energy and nutrients among Spanish children. We used a cross-sectional study design, based on results obtained from a food-frequency questionnaire. The sample included 1112 children, aged 6-7 years, from Cadiz, Madrid, Orense and Murcia, Spain. Children were selected through random clustersampling in schools. We analysed the percentage contributed by each food item to total energy and nutrient intake. The most important food sources were: white bread in the case of carbohydrate (13·4 %); olive oil in the case of total lipids (18·3 %) and monounsaturated fatty acids (29·2 %); whole milk in the case of protein (10·2 %) and saturated fatty acids (14·9 %); chips (French fried potatoes) in the case of polyunsaturated fatty acids (30·4 %). The greatest proportion of Na, consumed in excess, came from salt added to meals. Ham ranked second as a source of saturated fats. Fruits and green leafy vegetables proved to have great relevance as sources of fibre and vitamins, though with regard to the latter, it was observed that fortified foods (breakfast cereals, dairy products, fruit juices, etc.) had come to play a relevant role in many cases. In conclusion, the nutritional profile of Spanish schoolaged children aged 6 -7 years could be improved by nutritional policies targeted at limiting their consumption of ham (cured or cooked) and of salt added to meals, replacing whole milk with semi-skimmed milk, encouraging the consumption of products rich in complex carbohydrates already present in children's diets (bread, pasta, rice) and promoting less fatty ways of cooking food.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.