Anticancer medicines by affecting the process of spermatogenesis and damage to germ cells, leading to infertility. Cyclophosphamide (CP) as an alkylating agent and with antineoplastic activity is used for treatment of a variety of malignant tumours (Brannigan, 2007).Phosphoramide mustard and acrolein are two main active metabolites of CP, the first of which has a therapeutic role and the second has toxic effects such as apoptosis, and necrosis in normal tissues (Gu et al., 2017). Despite the high clinical applications of CP, its treatment is associated with adverse effects such as testicular toxicity and infertility. Oligospermia, azoospermia, disruption of the spermatogenesis cycle in testicular tissue are observed in patients receiving CP (Oliveira et al., 2020). In our previous study, we showed that CP led to increased oxidative stress, decreased testosterone, damage to sperm parameters, increased Caspase-3 activity (as an apoptosis biomarker) and changes in testicular tissue structure (Hamzeh et al., 2019). Chronic administration CP at low doses in males leads to increased mortality, induction of teratogenesis, abnormalities, infertility and impaired growth of their offspring
Please cite this article as follows: Motevasselian F, Amiri Z, Chiniforush N, Mirzaei M, Thompson V. In vitro evaluation of the effect of different surface treatments of a hybrid ceramic on the microtensile bond strength to a luting resin cement.
Abstract Introduction:The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different surface treatments of a hybrid ceramic, Vita Enamic, on the micro-tensile bond strength (µ-TBS) to resin cement. Methods: Ten blocks (3×10×8 mm) were retrieved from the original blocks and divided into 5 groups according to the different surface treatments performed: Groups 1: 35% acid phosphoric for 60 seconds (PA); group 2: Sandblasting with 50 µm Al 2 O 3 particles for 10 seconds (SB); groups 3: 9.5% hydrofluoric acid for 60 seconds (HF), group 4: The Er:YAG laser (2 W, 10 Hz) (ER1), group 5: The Er:YAG laser (3 W, 10 Hz) (ER2). All treated surfaces were salinized and the blocks with similar surface treatments were bonded together using a dual-cured resin cement and light-cured. After 24-hour storage in water, the blocks were cut into beams (1 mm 2 ). Half of the specimens in each group (n=16) were tested immediately and the rest were subjected to thermocycling between 5°C and 55°C for 6000 cycles before the µ-TBS test at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD tests and the significance level was set at 0.05. The failure mode was evaluated by using a stereomicroscope. Results: The µ-TBS was clearly influenced by surface treatment methods (P < 0.001) and thermocycling significantly decreased the bond strength values in all groups (P = 0.007). The highest value (66.07 MPa ± 11.3) was obtained for the HF groups with no thermocycling and the lowest values were observed in the laser groups with no significant difference among different irradiation parameters. Adhesive failure was mainly observed in the PA and SB groups while mixed failure was predominantly shown in the laser and HF groups. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that surface treatment of VE with HF and salinization could improve the bond strength to a dual-cured resin cement, and Er:YAG laser irradiation with the evaluated parameters did not promote the adhesion of the resin cement to VE.
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