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Sentence Connectivity is a textual characteristic that may be incorporated intelligently for the selection of sentences of a well meaning summary. However, the existing summarization methods do not utilize its potential fully. The present paper introduces a novel method for singledocument text summarization. It poses the text summarization task as an optimization problem, and attempts to solve it using Weighted Minimum Vertex Cover (WMVC), a graph-based algorithm. Textual entailment, an established indicator of semantic relationships between text units, is used to measure sentence connectivity and construct the graph on which WMVC operates. Experiments on a standard summarization dataset show that the suggested algorithm outperforms related methods.

Spoon feeding was found as the most common feeding method practiced by the parents of children with cleft lip and palate.

Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora (robusta) and monsooned malabar are the three types of coffee which are well known and used by most of population in India and all over the globe. For consuming coffee various brewing methods are used worldwide, French press, Espresso, Turkish coffee, being the common. Eleven brewing methods are introduced in the paper for brewing of green coffee, some of which are common for brewing tea. Among all the mentioned brewing methods, Decoction method showed the best results, as maximum amount of Flavonoids and Phenols were found to be present in green coffee arabica, values being 69.24 mg QE/g of coffee and 108.67 mg QE/g of coffee respectively, whereas, for Original Research Articlerobusta it was found to be 47.47 mg QE/g of coffee and 93 mg QE/g of coffee respectively. Brewing time is also considered as one of the major factors for coffee brewing, as if the time is too short, all the flavours will not dissolve and if too long, it may dissolve undesirable components as well. An increasing trend was seen in flavonoid and phenolic content in both arabica (TPC up to 84.11 mg QE/g of coffee) and robusta (TPC up to 78 mg QE/g of coffee) along with monsooned malabar (TPC up to 84.88 mg QE/g of coffee) with increase in brewing time. Another factor considered is the solvent used for brewing. A comparison was made between water and alcohol. Both the coffees, green and roasted showed a significant difference in the values when brewed in ethanol and in water. Results indicate that the brewing methods given may be used along with a variant brewing time depending on its phenolic content. Also, green coffee can be proved a boon with more health benefits as compared to roasted one.

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Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), a purine alkaloid found naturally in over 100 plant species, has recently been viewed as a safe chemical for management of pests including molluscs, slugs, snails, bacteria, and as a bird deterrent. It possesses phytotoxicity against plant species, yet the mechanism of action is lacking. A study was conducted to determine the effect of caffeine on the rooting of hypocotyl cuttings of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) and the associated biochemical changes. At lower concentrations (\1,000 lM) of caffeine, though rooting potential was not affected, yet there was a significant decrease in the number of roots and root length. At 1,000 lM caffeine, there was a 68% decrease in the number of roots/primordia per cutting, whereas root length decreased by over 80%. However, no root formation occurred at 2,000 lM caffeine. Further investigations into the biochemical processes linked to root formation revealed that caffeine significantly affects protein content, activities of proteases, polyphenol oxidases (PPO) and total endogenous phenolic (EP) content, in the mung bean hypocotyls. A decrease in rooting potential was associated with a drastic reduction in protein content in the lower rooted portion, whereas the specific activity of proteases increased indicating that caffeine affects the protein metabolism. Activity of PPO decreased in response to caffeine, whereas EP content increased significantly indicating its non-utilization and thus less or no root formation. Respiratory ability of rooted tissue, as determined through TTC (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) reduction, was impaired in response to caffeine indicating an adverse effect on the energy metabolism. The study concludes that caffeine interferes with the root development by impairing protein metabolism, affecting activity of PPO (and thus lignification), and EP content, which are the crucial steps for root formation.

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