End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients depend on dialysis for removal of toxic waste products, fluid overload relief and maintenance of electrolyte balance. Dialysis prolongs millions of lives. To some extent, ESRD has become a manageable disease with a steadily growing dialysis population of increasing average age and associated comorbidity. During 7 decades many technical refinements have been developed e.g. sodium profiling, blood volume, ultrafiltration variation based on blood pressure measurement, urea kinetics etc. Despite its large potentials, in-line electrolyte monitoring lags behind in dialysis treatment. Areas covered: In this paper, we review the state of technologies available for in-line monitoring of the electrolytes sodium, potassium and calcium during hemodialysis. Expert commentary: We concluded that individual optimization of dialysate composition should be able to improve hard medical outcomes, but practical clinical implementation stands/falls with reliable and affordable in-line ion-selective sensing technology. Optical ion-selective microsensors and microsystems form a promising pathway for individualizing the dialysis treatment.
• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website.• The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review.• The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Link to publicationGeneral rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Abstract-We present a spectroscopy technique to measure temperature locally in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microoptofluidic chip with integrated optical fibers and minimal optical components. The device was fabricated in one step with fiber coupler grooves followed by manual integration of the optical fibers. The experimental setup consists of a microoptofluidic chip with a pair of optical fibers for excitation and fluorescence collection, a laser module and a spectrometer. The laser module is coupled to one of the optical fibers to guide the light into the microchannel. The fluorescence signal is collected by a second integrated optical fiber placed orthogonally. A spectroscopy technique is used to measure the local temperature in a microchannel (500 µm wide and 125 µm in height) using Rhodamine B as a temperature indicator. It is shown that for a flow rate between 200 and 400 μL/min, the local temperature can be determined.
The entrance channel effects in the decay of compound nucleus 190 Pt * formed using different incoming channels i.e. 132 Sn+ 58 Ni and 126 Sn+ 64 Ni is studied by using dynamical cluster-decay model (DCM). The neutron-rich radioactive beams of 132 Sn and 126 Sn are used here. We ¿nd that with the inclusion of deformation effects up to quadrupole (β 2 ), the structure of potential energy surfaces changes a little bit at =0 and signi¿cantly at = max . It is also observed that for both the entrance channels, the preformation probability of decaying fragments is almost identical at same max and comparable centre of mass energies. This identical potential energy surface behavior and same max values in either of entrance channels, enable us to conclude that decay of 190 Pt * is independent of formation effects. The relevant role of level density parameter is also analyzed.
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