Background : Vascular insults to the humerus either during fracture dislocation or during surgical correction of fracture may result in delayed healing or non-union of fracture. It is worth to find the number and size of nutrient foramina. The know ledge regarding the nutrien foramina helps to protect them during conservative operative procedures of the bone, thus to concentrate upon the viability of the fractured fragments. Objectives: To observe the location of nutrient foramina with reference to the different segments of shaft of humerus,to note variations in number, direction and size of the nutrient foramina. Further to examine if a correlation exists between the length of humerus and number of vascular foramina and nutrient foramina. Materials and methods : The study was undertaken on 200 dry normal dult humerus bones. Observations were made using Hepburn's osteometric board and hypodermic needles of different gauges. Statistical methods (SPSS) were used to analyze these observations. Results: The location of nutrient foramen was more in the middle 113rd of antero-medial surface. Majority of humeri showed one nutrient foramen, whereas there were 2 to 3 foramina in few humeri. Conclusion: This study will help in planning the surgical treatment of fracture of humerus which will possibly reduce the post-operative complications.
Background: Pronator teres is one among the superficial muscles of the front of forearm, being supplied by the median nerve, this muscles bears a significant relation with the trunk of the nerve. There are variations in the number of branches to pronator teres and their level of origin.
Being the essential organs of respiration, pair of lungs are situated on either side of the mediastinum. Each lung is divided into lobes by the fissures. These fissures allow for proper expansion of lungs and on the other hand fissures may have a role in restricting infection to a particular lobe. Fissures may be complete, incomplete or absent.To study the variations in the fissures of lung, compare the results with the available data and to discuss the surgical importance of this study. 37 pairs of lungs (37 right and 37 left) from formalin fixed cadavers were observed and classified into different grades of fissures ( as per Craig and Walker criteria). Presence of accessory fissures was noted.Out of the 37 right lungs, 3 showed absence of horizontal fissure and the same fissure was incomplete in right sided 17 lungs. Among the left lungs, 9 had incomplete oblique fissure. Accessory fissure were found in 2 right and 1 left lungs.The current study showed that right lung may be without horizontal fissure or fissures may be incomplete. Thus, a light on these variations by the cardiothoracic surgeons will help in better planning of surgeries like lobectomy. Knowledge about the fissures will aid in arriving at better diagnosis for the clinicians and radiologists.
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