Agni is the invariable agent in the process of Paka (digestion, transformation). Ingested food is to be digested, absorbed and assimilated, which is unavoidable for the maintenance of life, and is performed by the Agni. Different examples are available in our classics to indicate that Pitta is the same as Agni, but some doubt arises behind this concept, that Pitta is Agni. Agni is innumerable because of its presence in each and every paramanu of the body. But, the enumeration of the number of Agni varies in various classical Ayurvedic texts. According to the functions and site of action, Agni has been divided into 13 types, i.e. one Jatharagni, five Bhutagni and seven Dhatvagni. Jatharagni is the most important one, which digests four types of food and transforms it into Rasa and Mala. The five Bhutagnis act on the respective bhutika portion of the food and thereby nourish the Bhutas in the body. The seven Dhatvagni act on the respective dhatus by which each Dhatu is broken into three parts. In this way, the entire process of transformation consists of two types of products – PRasad (essence) and Kitta (excrete). The former is taken for nourishment while the latter one is thrown out, which otherwise defiles the body if it stays longer.

A 36-year-old aboriginal female presented following an assault with a wooden fence paling. Examination revealed a wooden object protruding lateral to the left eyebrow. CT scan showed a blow-in fracture of lateral orbital wall and a hypodense foreign body causing indentation of the globe and stretching of the optic nerve. The case was managed successfully with complete recovery of the visual acuity on day 1 post-surgery. This case highlights the importance of prompt removal of large lateral wooden intraorbital foreign body to achieve an excellent visual outcome.

INTRODUCTIONVarious physiological adaptation of pregnancy related, immunological, metabolic, endocrine and vascular changes occurs during pregnancy which make the pregnant women susceptible to changes of skin and appendages.1 These changes can be categorised in three categories. First include various benign skin conditions due to physiological and hormonal changes like striae gravidarum, melasma, nail and vascular changes. Pre-existing skin conditions which flare-up during pregnancy included in second category. Third category have several pregnancy specific dermatoses.2 Pregnancyspecific dermatoses is a heterogeneous group of pruritic skin diseases unique to pregnancy. Ambrus-Rudolph proposed the latest classification of pregnancy-specific dermatoses in 2006 and includes pemphigoid gestationis (PG), polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (PEP), intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), and atopic eruption of pregnancy (AEP).3 Most of these skin ABSTRACT Background: Various physiological adaptation of pregnancy related, immunological, metabolic, endocrine and vascular changes occurs during pregnancy which make the pregnant women susceptible to changes of skin and appendages to study the various cutaneous changes of pregnancy. Methods: This study was an observational cross-sectional study conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department at Umaid Hospital and Skin Department at MDM Hospital, Jodhpur. Total number of 200 pregnant females were included in this study after informed consent and ethical committee clearance in duration of 6 months. Detailed medical and obstetric history of patients were obtained, and physical and dermatological examination were performed. Relevant systemic examination and appropriate investigations were done to confirm diagnosis if required.Results: Most of patients show cutaneous changes, among them physiological changes were most common 196 (98%). The most common physiological change was hyperpigmentation, which was seen in 189 (94.49%) cases followed by striae distensae (76.5%), glandular changes (11.5%) and vascular (9%). Tinea cruris was noted in 04 cases (2%) while scabies was present in 10 females (5%). 15 (7.5%) cases of contact dermatitis were noticed, and psoriasis was found in 3 (1.5%) pregnant females. Herpes genitalis was seen in 1 case (0.5%). The most common Specific dermatoses was pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy 10, (5%) followed by pruritic folliculitis 4 (2%), eczema 4 (2%) and intrahepatic cholestsis of pregnancy 2 (1%). Conclusions: Pregnant women are prone to various cutaneous manifestation during pregnancy. A detailed history and awareness of clinical presentation is helpful for confirmation of diagnosis and most appropriate laboratory evaluation is helpful to diminish the maternal and foetal morbidity.

Ayurveda is an eternal science with absolute principles, and prakriti is one of these. It plays an important role in the selection and establishment of every factor for which a person is going to interact from conception till death, e.g. lifestyle, diet planning, etc. Prakriti stands for nature of the body in terms of dosha and is decided at the time of conception according to the predominance of dosha. It does not change during the whole life and is responsible for the physical and mental characteristics of an individual. This prakriti is of seven types according to tridosha. The individuals of specific prakriti exhibit biological variations in terms of structure, function, behavior, individual response to internal and external environmental stimuli, susceptibility to different diseases, etc. Aging is a process of decaying and included in natural diseases. In our body, Pitta or Agni is responsible for the various types of pathological conditions. Although aging is a natural pathological condition, Pitta plays an important role in its causation like other pathological conditions. It is clearly indicated in Charak samhita that persons having Pitta predominance personality tend to suffer early with decaying process and other changes of aging. Through this article, we have made an attempt to reevaluate the interrelationships between prakriti and aging.

Background and Aims:Effect of intrathecal dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to isobaric ropivacaine in spinal anesthesia for abdominal hysterectomy is not much investigated. The objective was to assess the dose dependent effect of dexmedetomidine (3 mcg vs 5 mcg) as an adjunct to isobaric ropivacaine in spinal anesthesia.Materials and Methods:Forty selected female patients were randomized to receive intrathecal 0.5% isobaric ropivacaine (15 mg) with dexmedetomidine 3 mcg (Group D3) or 5 mcg (Group D5) in spinal anesthesia for abdominal hysterectomy. Block characteristics, hemodynamic changes, postoperative analgesia, and adverse effects were compared.Results:Both groups were comparable regarding sensory-motor block characteristics and postoperative analgesia (P > 0.05). Four (10%) patients of Group D5 and 5 (12.5%) of Group D3 could not achieve desired T6 sensory level and Bromage score of 3(complete motor block) hence were converted to general anesthesia at the outset. Nine (22.5%) patients each in both groups required ketamine supplementation (0.5 mg/kg) for intraoperative pain at the time of uterine manipulation. Incidence of hypotension was comparable (55.56% in Group D5 and 37.14% in Group D3, P = 0.11), but this occurred significantly earlier in Group D5, P < 0.001. Sedation was also significantly more in Group D5 as compared with Group D3, P < 0.01.Conclusion:We conclude that spinal anesthesia with isobaric ropivacaine (15 mg) with dexmedetomidine (3 mcg or 5 mcg) did not show much promise for abdominal hysterectomy as one third cases required analgesic supplementation. Both doses of dexmedetomidine produced a similar effect on block characteristic and postoperative analgesia; however, a dose of 5 mcg dose was associated with more hypotension and sedation.