Tubular damage may play major role in development of nephropathy in pre-diabetes. Newer markers like urine NGAL and Cystatin C are raised early in diabetes and pre-diabetes nephropathy.

The clinical and biochemical profile of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) varies from epidemic to epidemic. We studied children hospitalized with DHF from September 2003 to December 2003. All were diagnosed, managed and monitored according to a standard protocol. Of the 34 who fulfilled the World Health Organization criteria of DHF, 22 (64.6%) were male. All patients presented with fever and hepatomegaly. Examination also revealed splenomegaly in 11 (32.4%), ascites in 6 (17.6%) and pleural effusion in 3 (8.8%). Common bleeding manifestations were positive tourniquet test in 22 (64.7%) and epistaxis in eight (23.5%). Most children had a platelet count of between 20,000/mm(3) and 50,000/mm(3) (56%). Bleeding manifestations were not related to platelet count (P > 0.05). Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) >40 IU/L was seen in 22 (64.6%) patients, alkaline phosphate (ALP) >400 IU/L in 12 (35.3%) and serum bilirubin >1 mg% in 3 (8.8%). IgM dengue serology was positive in 68.5% cases. There was no significant difference in liver function tests with age or sex (P > 0.05). Clinical features of DHF varied from the previous epidemic. Hepatic dysfunction with increased levels of serum enzymes was common in DHF.

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The word "sustained release" is recognized to have existed in the medical and pharmaceutical literature for many decades. Oral drug delivery is the most preferred route for the various drug molecules among all other routes of drug delivery, because ease of administration which lead to better patient compliance. The goal of any drug delivery system is to supply a therapeutic quantity of drug to the suitable site in the body and then maintain the desired drug concentration A well designed controlled drug delivery system can overcome some of problems of conventional. therapy and enhance therapeutic efficacy of the given drug. There are different approaches in delivering therapeutic material to the goal site in sustained release fashion. One such approach is of the microspheres as carriers for drug. There are various departments of medicine like cancer, pulmonary, cardiology, radiology, gynecology, oncology and diabetes etc, number of drugs are used and they delivered by various types of drug delivery system. Among the sustained release of drugs has gained enormous attention due to its wide range of application and maximum time up to drug release. Moreover the microspheres are of micron size so they can easily fit into various micron size capillary beds. The main purpose of this review is to compile various types of sustained release microspheres, method of preparation, its application and also various parameters to evaluate their efficiency.

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Chloroquine is a commonly prescribed antimalarial drug that is widely used for the presumptive treatment of malaria in India. It has rarely been reported to cause psychosis, and to the best of our knowledge, recurrent psychosis due to chloroquine use has been reported only once, in 1996. We are reporting the second case of chloroquine-induced recurrent psychosis. We also discuss some of the possible neurobiological mechanisms leading to this neurotoxic adverse effect and our recommendations for future use of this drug.

Malaria has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The global malaria situation is increasingly being challenging owing to lack of credible malaria vaccine and the emergence of drug resistance to most of the available antimalarials. They demand search for novel generation of drugs. Versatility and flexibility for structural modification of natural and synthetic analogues of curcumin and chalcone have been explored extensively for designing new antimalarial agent. Recent advances to our knowledge of parasite biology as well as the availability of the genome sequence, have opened up new vista in the firmament of antimalarial drug designing for identifying novel molecular targets. Curcumin and chalcones has been reported to exert anti-malarial effect by binding directly to numerous signaling molecules, such as histone acetyltransferase, histone deacetylase, sarco (endo) plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase, cysteine proteases etc. This review highlights insights the more recent antimalarial activities of these compounds, their mechanisms of action, molecular targets and relevant structureactivity relationship studies. Natural lead compounds like chalcone and curcumin have shown good and optimal binding to many enzymes present in parasite and can be explored as molecular targets for in silico studies to develop new, affordable and effective antimalarial drugs. With no credible malaria vaccine in sight, there is an imperative need to develop new drugs with different mechanisms of action to help preclude issues of cross-resistance.

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