We present the water vapor-induced swelling and the emergence of a penetrant-induced glass-like transition in the substrate-supported glassy chitosan thin films. The time evolution of the film thickness under different levels of relative humidity conditions is measured in real-time using a spectroscopic ellipsometer equipped with a humidity cell. In a dry film, the network of chitosan chains is in a glassy state, and upon exposure to water vapor, initially, the film swells by Fickian diffusion of water molecules, which triggers the structural relaxations of the chains. Under higher humidity conditions, a relatively slower evolution of thickness succeeds the initial rapid swelling due to the non-Fickian sorption of water molecules. The swelling characteristics of the polymer films are accounted for by considering the diffusion−relaxation mechanism of chains in the presence of smaller penetrant molecules. The penetrant-induced glass-like transition (P g ), where the polymer film isothermally transits from a glassy to a rubbery state, is determined for pristine and cross-linked chitosan films. P g is determined from the abrupt change in the rate of swelling observed upon increasing the relative humidity. Chemical crosslinking has an evident influence on the penetrant-induced glass-like transition of the chitosan films. P g was found to rise sharply for stiffer films with higher cross-linking density.
This work made an attempt to optimize the powder metallurgy (PM) process parameters of ball-milled AA8079-B4C composites via Taguchi grey relational analysis to attain better mechanical properties. The process parameters are reinforcement weight percentage, compaction pressure, sintering temperature, and sintering time, and the output responses are micro Vickers hardness and compressive strength. The different reinforcement weight percentages are AA8079-x wt.%B4C (
X
=
5
, 10, and 15 wt.%). The nanograin-refined green compacts were made at various compaction pressure 200 MPa, 300 MPa, and 400 MPa. The various sintering temperatures are 375°C, 475°C, and 575°C at different sintering times 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h. Taguchi L27 orthogonal array was utilized to examine the powder metallurgy process parameters. It could be understood from the results that higher reinforcement weight percentage, compaction pressure, and sintering temperature were determined as appropriate parameters to obtain maximum hardness and compressive strength.
Today’s modern, dynamic world would be impossible to imagine without the concept of composite material advancement. Various studies are being conducted in this area in order to reach the desired level. In terms of compatibility, natural fibre reinforced polymer-based composites and synthetic fibre composites are very similar. Because they are lightweight, nontoxic, and nonabrasive, they are very popular with consumers. They are also readily available and affordable. Composite materials made from natural fibre have superior mechanical properties compared to those made from synthetic fibre. As part of this research, an epoxy-based composite with bamboo and sisal fibre reinforcement is examined. Reinforced with epoxy resin, bamboo fibre and sisal fibre are used to make composite materials. The effect of adding bamboo fibre and sisal fibre in various weight percentages on the mechanical behaviour of composites is investigated.
This paper proposed the system development especially for watering the agricultural crops depend upon the WSN. This paper focused to develop and model a control process by joint radars in the agricultural crop along with information management through web and smartphone application. The 3 elements are application of mobile, web and hardware. The first element i.e. hardware was executed and designed in manage box hardware linked to gather information about the crops. Soil humidity radars are used to detect the agricultural field linked to the control box. The 2nd element i.e. web method was web depend method which was executed and modeled to handle the details of field and crop information. This element applied information mining to examine the information for finding perfect soil humidity, moisture level and temperature. The last element i.e. mobile method was used mainly to manage field watering by a mobile method in a phone. This allows manual or automatic control by the controller. An automatic control uses information from soil humidity radars for watering the crops. The user may choose the manual method for watering the field in the system control method. The method may send notifications by LINE API for the line app. The method was tested and executed in Northeast India. The outputs displayed the executions to be helpful in the field of agriculture. The humidity level of the soil was appropriately maintained for improving manufacturing in agriculture, growth of vegetables and decreasing cost. Therefore, this paper displays the driving agriculture field by digital creativity.
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