Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor, causing both intrahepatic and extrahepatic metastases. The extrahepatic metastasis occurs in one-third of patients with HCC and it is associated with a poor prognosis. The most common sites of extrahepatic metastasis are lung, regional lymph nodes, bone, adrenal glands, and peritoneum/omentum. Detection of such extrahepatic metastasis plays a vital role in the staging and treatment planning of HCC.
Case presentation
A 60-year-old man was presented to our centre with loss of apetite, generalised weakness, and weight loss. Abdominal examination revealed a firm lump in the right hypochondrium. CT findings revealed a large well-defined hypodense mass in almost entire right lobe of the liver. A well-defined oval, heterogeneously enhancing soft tissue mass lesions were also noted in both adrenal glands and psoas muscles. For histopathological diagnosis, percutaneous ultrasound-guided truecut biopsy was done from right lobe liver mass confirming well differentiated HCC.
Conclusions
In the present case report, we present an extremely rare and unique case of HCC with disseminated skeletal muscle metastasis with concomitant bilateral axillary lymph node metastasis. It is crucial for radiologists to detect such extrahepatic sites of metastasis initially at the time of diagnosis for accurate staging and treatment planning for a better prognosis.
Background
The unilateral submandibular gland aplasia (agenesis) is a rare, asymptomatic condition usually discovered incidentally on imaging. This is associated commonly with either compensatory hypertrophy of contralateral submandibular gland or sublingual glands.
Case presentation
We report the case of a 34-year-old male with incidentally detected unilateral submandibular gland aplasia associated with hypertrophy of ipsilateral sublingual gland, demonstrated by imaging modalities, where we have highlighted the diagnostic significance of such rare findings in oncology, particularly in oral cavity carcinoma cases with metastatic submandibular lymph nodes (level IB) mimicking as submandibular gland. Hence, lymphadenopathy can be missed preoperatively which is an important part of staging and treatment planning.
Conclusions
Aim of the present report is to create awareness about such rare entity in both clinicians/radiologists and highlight the imaging features for correct identification and to avoid any diagnostic dilemmas.
The importance, imaging characteristics and outcome of focal thyroid incidentaloma on fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) have been illustrated in this report. This is drawn from a series of three case examples of proven malignancy at different locations, with three different thyroid cytopathological diagnoses. Subsequently, a case-based discussion on present consensus of the management of this entity has been undertaken including certain specific aspects of PET-CT interpretation and its role in this setting.
BRCAm relative to BRCAwt. No statistically significant differences in other EORTC PRO scales were observed. Conclusions: In this study of adult women with HER2-ABC, patients with BRCAm were significantly younger and more likely to have a family history of breast or ovarian cancer than BRCAwt. Patients with BRCAm reported significantly worse role functioning and dyspnea suggesting that BRCAm targeted treatment options leading to PROs improvements in these patients are needed. Legal entity responsible for the study: Pfizer.
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