Social media usage (SMU) and its relationship with working memory (WM) and academic performance remain unclear, and there is a lack of experimental evidence. We investigated whether WM mediates the association between SMU and academic performance, including the roles of depression, anxiety, and disordered social media use as possible contributors. A sample of 118 undergraduate students aged 19 to 28 from Saudi Arabia performed a WM test twice; for one assessment, participants were required to interact with social media before the test, and the other test was preceded by painting online. We also measured grade point average (GPA), habitual social media usage (SMU), depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), and disordered social media usage (SMDS). There was no significant difference between WM scores in the social media condition compared to the control condition, but when solely considering at least moderately depressed participants, social media use predicted significantly more errors in the social media condition compared to the control condition. Furthermore, higher SMDS scores were significantly predicted by higher PHQ-9 scores and more hours of habitual SMU. GPA scores were not predicted by WM performance or SMU. The present study is one of the first experimental attempts to compare the relationship between SMU and WM and highlights the priming effect of depression on the relationship between SMU and WM.
Background Aesthetic procedures are considered one of the most commonly performed procedures in the medical field. Social media (SM) reflects the electronic platforms that deliver an enormous amount of information to different users and enable them to share their content and experience with others at the simple click of a button. In our modern era, SM platforms affect different angles of our lives, from a simple detail to a significant complex aspect. Objectives To evaluate the effect of different SM platforms on plastic cosmetic surgery in Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study held in 2021 employing a random sampling technique with a sample size of 2248 participants (ages 12 to >50), including all plastic cosmetic interventions, excluding reconstructive and traumatic interventions. Results It was reported that 56.7% were not interested in doing surgical or non-surgical cosmetic interventions, while 43.3% were interested. For those influenced by SM platforms either interested or not interested in doing cosmetic interventions, Snapchat (Santa Monica, CA) was the most commonly influential SM. In addition, 35.9% answered that surgeons' advertisements affected their decision to seek plastic surgery consultations. Photograph editing applications made 46% of participants look better and more confident to post and share their pictures. Conclusions Our analysis showed that those influenced by SM platforms to seek cosmetic treatment were comparatively more interested in cosmetic treatment, with Snapchat being the most influential platform. Therefore, further studies to evaluate the impact of SM platforms among plastic surgeons are encouraged.
Background: Headaches disorders have a significant burden on the world. Tension Type Headache is the most common type among primary headaches. Since medical students are exposed to a lot of stress, and it is associated with a tension-type headache, the importance of this study comes. This study aims to measure the prevalence of tension-type headache among medical students at Tabuk University 2020. Methodology: A cross-sectional study in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia was conducted. The study included medical students at the University of Tabuk in the academic years from 2nd to 6th grades during the calendar year of 2020. An adapted semi-structured self-administered questionnaire was retrieved from other validated questionnaires. The internal validity and reliability of the questionnaire were tested using Cronbach's alpha test and was highly reliable (25 items, α = .715). Both medical and research experts assessed the face and content validity. The data were coded, tabulated, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 27). Results: The total number of the students was 380 (response rate, 78.6%). 55.22% were females, and 44.78% were males their mean age was 21.18 ± SD 1.78 years. Out of the 297 students, only 122 met the diagnostic criteria. The 1-year prevalence Tension Type Headache (TTH) included the three types: frequent TTH 67.2%, 18.0% infrequent TTH, and only 14.8% suffered from chronic TTH. The most common aggravating factors included studying stressors (82%), 68% of the participants reported daily activity interference, and 48.4% reported that headache aggravate with routine physical activities (e.g., walking or climbing stairs). The headache quality varied between throbbing/pulsating (54.9%), pressing/tightening (68.9%) and sharp/stabbing (10.7%). The median headache intensity was 5.25 at pain level score (IQR =2). Only 28% of the students sought counseling where the main analgesic used was Acetaminophen (74%). Many non-pharmacological therapies were practiced by the students to relieve headache, including sleep (60.7%), rest (63.1%) and caffeine (41.8%).23% of the medical students reported that they sought medical counseling to maintain their performance level. There was a statistically significant difference between the average age of medical students suffering from frequent and infrequent TTH, t(102) = 2.31, p = .023. Conclusion: Tension-type headache is a prevalent type of headache among Saudi medical students. Prevalence and aggravating factors in our study were comparable to previously reported literature. Future studies with large sample size may be required among all university students to define burden of the case in Saudi Arabia.
Pain is a significant problem and is one of the most invalidating symptoms in breast cancer (BC) patients that would negatively affect the functional status and the Quality of Life (QoL). Pain management in BC patients requires thorough patient evaluation and critical assessment of pain. The actual cause for the pain must be recognized, so management can be tailored to each patient. This review aims to discuss various treatment modalities employed for effectively managing pain in BC patients.Pharmacotherapy makes up the cornerstone of the management of pain in BC patients. Both opioid and non-opioid analgesics are utilized. The WHO recommends a method called "by the ladder" for managing pain in BC patients where analgesics are used in ascending order. In comprehensive pain management (CPM), non-pharmacologic therapies are gaining wide acceptance and popularity, including complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), procedural and psychosocial interventions. Procedural interventions are usually used in case of severe pain refractory to pharmacological therapy. Techniques, such as radiotherapy, neurectomy, and nerve blocks, are effective in managing cancer pain. However, CAM therapies in BC pain management need to be guided by enough scientific evidence, decision-making, and medical judgment of regulatory bodies.BC pain management is based on careful routine pain assessments and appropriate patient evaluation both physically and psychologically. Pain control is one of the methods to improve the QoL of BC patients. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies are accessible to patients today, but they should be used with caution to minimize toxicity and increase effectiveness. The use of any pain management intervention should be based on proper scientific evidence and collective medical judgment.
Background: Unintentional injury to children at home is a public health problem and it is a significant cause of death and disabilities. It accounts for 40% of all child deaths. To our knowledge, there have been no similar studies done on Arabic countries that show the prevalence of home injuries among children. Aim: We aimed to assess the adults’ knowledge and attitude toward child safety at home in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,301 participants, during August 2017, who are older than 18 years old and have at least one child in the family. Data were collected by an online questionnaire assessing the believes, knowledge, and behavior of the participants. Analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Software version 21, using descriptive analysis, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results: It was found that gender, age, marital status, employment status, and the type of accommodation played key roles in the awareness of children safety at home, the study showed that females and age group above 25, married, employees, and those who lived in flats had more awareness than the other groups, respectively. Conclusion: The majority of the population had good awareness about children’s safety at home. Despite the good level of awareness, more public health education is recommended to improve the awareness and the prevention methods of these injuries.
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