Electroacupuncture in combination with a low dose of dexmedetomidine (5 μg/kg, IM) administered to goats provided antinociception.

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), especially p38MAPK, play a pivotal role in chronic pain. Electroacupuncture (EA) relieves inflammatory pain underlying the descending pathway, that is, the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), and the spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH). However, whether EA antagonizes inflammatory pain through regulation of p38MAPK in this descending facilitatory pathway is unclear. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected into the hind paw of rats to establish inflammatory pain model. EA was administrated for 30 min at Zusanli and Kunlun acupoints at 0.5, 24.5, 48.5, and 72.5 h, respectively. The paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), paw edema, and Phosphor-p38MAPK-Immunoreactivity (p-p38MAPK-IR) cells were measured before (0 h) and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 25, and 73 h after CFA or saline injection. EA increased PWT at 1, 3, 25, and 73 h and inhibited paw edema at 25 and 73 h after CFA injection. Moreover, the increasing number of p-p38MAPK-IR cells which was induced by CFA was suppressed by EA stimulation in PAG and RVM at 3 and 5 h and in SCDH at 5, 7, 25, and 73 h. These results suggest that EA suppresses inflammation-induced hyperalgesia probably through inhibiting p38MAPK activation in the descending facilitatory pathway.

SummaryIn recent years, alpha 2 agonists are the most widely used as sedative and analgesic drugs in veterinary medicine because of several useful properties like fast onset, reversibility and analgesia. Alpha 2 agonists produce different actions by binding to their corresponding receptor subtypes located on various parts of the central nervous system. Ruminants are especially sensitive to alpha 2 agonists due to the distribution of the specific alpha 2 adrenoceptor subtypes, compared with other species. In ruminants, alpha 2 agonists are generally used as sedatives and analgesics for restraint, clinical diagnosis, and minor surgeries. Clinical experiments indicated that analgesia does not exist throughout the period of sedation, so these agents alone are not sufficient for painful or major surgical procedure. Epidural administration of alpha 2 agonists produced potent analgesia with minimal sedative or cardiovascular effects, and considered one of the most reliable techniques in ruminant. Alpha 2 agonists also used as a preanesthetic medication and have been obviously anesthetic sparing effects. They causes some unwanted effects, such as excessive saliva, bradycardia, depressed respiratory rate, decreased rectal temperature, hyperglycemia, uterine contractions and decreased ruminal and intestinal motility. These side effects are influenced by the doses and administration routes of alpha 2 agonists, and their selectivity to alpha 2 adrenoceptor subtypes. Attentions should be taken to avoid the use of these agents in sick patients, while careful monitoring of the patient condition is always mandatory after receiving these agents. Fortunately, the availability of specific antagonists assures the uses of alpha 2 agonists in ruminants. For the safety, an appropriate low dose of alpha 2 agonists is always recommended in ruminants. Keywords ÖzetSon yıllarda alfa 2 antagonistleri çabuk etki, geridönüşebilirlilik ve analji gibi bazı özellikleri nedeniyle veteriner hekimlikte sedatif ve analjezik olarak en yaygın kullanılan ilaçlardır. Alfa 2 antagonistleri merkezi sinir sisteminin çeşitli bölgelerinde yer alan ilişkili reseptörlere bağlanmak suretiyle değişik reaksiyonlara neden olur. Ruminantlar diğer türlerle karşılaştırıldığında spesifik alfa 2 adenoreseptör subtipleri nedeniyle alfa 2 antagonistlerine karşı özellikle sensitiflerdir. Ruminantlarda alfa 2 antagonistleri genel olarak zapturapt, klinik tanı ve küçük cerrahiler amacıyla sedatif ve analjezik olarak kullanılır. Klinik deneyler analjezinin sedasyonun süresinin tümü boyunca mevcut olmadığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle bu maddeler acılı veya büyük cerrahi müdahalelerde tek başlarına yeterli değillerdir. Alfa 2 antagonistlerinin epidural uygulanması minimal sedatif veya kardiyovasküler etkiler ile birlikte muhtemel analjezi üretmektedir. Bu uygulama ayrıca ruminantlarda en güvenilir teknik olarak kabul edilmektedir. Alfa 2 antagonistleri ayrıca preanastetik uygulama olarak da kullanılmaktadır ve bariz olarak anestetik ajanın az kullanımının sağlayıcı etkileri...

Aim: The study aims to evaluate protective effects of sophoricoside (Sop) on cardiac hypertrophy. Meanwhile, The potential and significance of clinical transformation of Sop should be broadened and it should be firmly supported as an attractive drug for the treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Methods: Using the phenylephrine (PE)-induced neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) hypertrophy model, the potent protection of Sop against cardiomyocytes enlargement was evaluated. The function of Sop was validated in mice received transverse aortic coarctation (TAC) or sham surgery. At one week after TAC surgery, mice were treated with Sop for the following 4 weeks, the hearts were harvested after echocardiography examination.Results: Our study revealed that Sop significantly mitigated TAC-induced heart dysfunction, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. Mechanistically, Sop treatment induced a remarkable activation of AMPK/mTORC1-autophagy cascade following sustained hypertrophic stimulated. Importantly, the protective effect of Sop was largely abolished by the AMPKα inhibitor Compound C, suggesting an AMPK activation-dependent manner of Sop function on suppressing pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Conclusion: Sop ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy by activating AMPK/mTORC1-mediated autophagy. Hence, Sop might be an attractive candidate for the treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

The Supervision System is one of the important components of the Construction Engineering Information Management. This paper proposed the system’s design with the Struts2 and MVC framework based on the android mobile platform. First of all, it gives the E-R model and data design in the system. Then, it gives the overall architecture of the system in which the android client uses MVC framework while the Server-Client uses Struts2 framework that is responsible for the separation of MVC and the jump of the business layer. Besides, for the communication protocol between the Client and the Server, it adopts the HTTP service and Socket service, and uses JSON as a data interchange format. In the end, the UI design of each module in the system is given.