Research on amalgamation of an antigen with a delivery system for developing a potent mucosal vaccine that elicits both cellular and humoral response has captured immense attention these days. Cationic delivery systems being the first choice for mucosal antigen delivery, despite being effective, are associated with inherent problems like cytotoxicity. Therefore, the quest for developing a precise system that can effectively deliver antigen to immune cells without adverse toxic effect has led to the use of partial cationic systems which are mostly humoral immune mediators. The art of fine-tuning cationic nature, avoiding side effects, and being immune responsive are the needs of the hour. Herein, we try to optimize the cationic nature of polycaprolactone (USFDA approved) by conjugating it with hydrazine. The polymer was modified using two stoichiometry ratios (5 and 10 equiv) of hydrazine monohydrate and characterized using FTIR and XRD. Free amine quantification of the modified polymers concluded that both the modified polymers had 232 and 457 μM/mg amine groups, respectively. A cytotoxicity assay performed using RAW 264.7 macrophages proved the safety of cationic polymers. In vitro assays for antigen colocalization and cross-presentation have revealed that the modified polymers could effectively execute the anticipated function. In vivo evaluation in BALB/c mice using recombinant dengue antigen for intranasal immunization affirmed that the modified polymer having 457 μM/mg of free amine groups effectively stimulated humoral and potent cellular immune response. The overall data suggests that the modified polymeric nanoparticleswith their cationic, pH-responsive, and adjuvanting characteristicsproved to be a versatile system for effective mucosal antigen delivery.
Bangham was first to develop these spherical-shaped nano-vesicles called liposomes in the early 1960s. Today, liposomes have emerged as crucial tools for bettering the delivery of drugs that majorly includes-antifungal drug, peptide hormones, enzymes, vaccines antimicrobial agents, drugs against cancer, and genetic materials. Following the different manufacturing practices and versatile properties liposomes can be categorized in various parameters of size, charge, poly-dispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, solubility properties, and lamellarity. Alteration in such parameters elevates the loading and bioavailability of a drug by giving more clear target specification, desired or controlled release. This bibliographic chapter provides a comprehensive overview of methods for the preparation of liposomes with other perspectives that majorly includes-physio-chemical characteristics, dosage regimen, advantages over other delivery systems, approved liposomal based drugs and other ongoing drugs in clinical trials. It will help researchers to breakthrough more structurally successful delivery vehicles depending upon their various physic-chemical properties.
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